Using a graph database to integrate biomedical knowledge and predict drug efficacy

Daniel Himmelstein (@dhimmel)

GDG Cloud DevFest Philly

Indy Hall · 399 Market St #360

September 28, 2019 1:00 PM

slides.com/dhimmel/devfest

slides released under CC BY 4.0

Greene Lab

http://www.greenelab.com/

Special thanks to

  • Vince Rubinetti
  • Michael Zietz
  • Casey Greene
  • Online collaborators

Short Abstract:

How can we encode all biomedical knowledge into a single resource optimized for machine learning? We explore using hetnets (networks with multiple node and relationship types) and graph databases to integrate diverse information. By combining data from 29 public resources, we created Hetionet, a network with 11 node and 24 relationship types (available at https://neo4j.het.io). Next, we learned which types of paths occur more frequently when a drug treats a disease, allowing us to make over 200,000 predictions of treatment efficacy. Now we are creating a search engine at https://search.het.io/ to allow any researcher to quickly find how any two nodes in the hetnet are meaningfully connected. These studies were made possible by adopting a set of radically open practices, where all research was shared and discussed publicly from its inception. This includes our new Manubot software for open scholarly writing on GitHub.

 

Short Bio:

Daniel Himmelstein is a postdoctoral fellow in the Greene Lab at the University of Pennsylvania. Previously, he received his PhD from the University of California San Francisco. His research focuses on integrating biomedical knowledge using networks. Daniel is also a frequent contributor to open source/data ecosystems, and explores how computational research can become more open and reproducible.

Details

https://www.meetup.com/gdgcloud-philly/events/264721698/

Hetionet

How I became intestested in graphs

http://blog.dhimmel.com/friendship-network/

My Facebook friendship network in 2014

too simple

single node type

single relationship type

networks with multiple node or relationship types

multilayer network, multiplex network, multivariate network, multinetwork, multirelational network, multirelational data, multilayered network, multidimensional network, multislice network, multiplex of interdependent networks, hypernetwork, overlay network, composite network, multilevel network, multiweighted graph, heterogeneous network, multitype network, interconnected networks, interdependent networks, partially interdependent networks, network of networks, coupled networks, interconnecting networks, interacting networks, heterogenous information network

A 2012 Study identified 26 different names for this type of network:

hetnet

How do you teach a computer biology?

online discussion contributions
(see thinklab.com/p/rephetio/leaderboard)

Visualizing Hetionet v1.0

  • Hetnet of biology for drug repurposing
     
  • ~50 thousand nodes
    11 types (labels)
     
  • ~2.25 million relationships
    24 types
     
  • integrates 29 public resources
    knowledge from millions of studies

Hetionet v1.0

MATCH path =
  // Specify the type of path to match
  (n0:Disease)-[e1:ASSOCIATES_DaG]-(n1:Gene)-[:INTERACTS_GiG]-
  (n2:Gene)-[:PARTICIPATES_GpBP]-(n3:BiologicalProcess)
WHERE
  // Specify the source and target nodes
  n0.name = 'multiple sclerosis' AND
  n3.name = 'retina layer formation'
  // Require GWAS support for the
  // Disease-associates-Gene relationship
  AND 'GWAS Catalog' in e1.sources
  // Require the interacting gene to be
  // upregulated in a relevant tissue
  AND exists(
    (n0)-[:LOCALIZES_DlA]-(:Anatomy)-[:UPREGULATES_AuG]-(n2))
RETURN path

How could multiple sclerosis could affect retina layer formation?

More queries at thinklab.com/d/220

  • Nodes
    • standardized vocabularies
    • stable, unambiguous identifiers
       
  • Relationships:
    • Omics scale required
    • Literature mining
    • High throughput experimental technologies
    • Avoid manual mapping
       
  • Versioned data dependencies

Constructing Hetionet v1.0

Rephetio

Project Rephetio: drug repurposing predictions

  • Hetionet v1.0 contains:

    • 1,538 connected compounds

    • 136 connected diseases

    • 209,168 compound–disease pairs

    • 755 treatments

  • Systematic drug repurposing:

    • Compare the therapeutic utility of data types

    • Identify the mechanisms of drug efficacy

    • Predict the probability of treatment for all 209,168 compound–disease pairs (het.io/repurpose)

Systematic integration of biomedical knowledge prioritizes drugs for repurposing
Daniel S Himmelstein, Antoine Lizee, Christine Hessler, Leo Brueggeman, Sabrina L Chen, Dexter Hadley, Ari Green, Pouya Khankhanian, Sergio E Baranzini
eLife (2017) https://doi.org/cdfk

observations =

compound–disease pairs

features = types of paths

treatments

disease modifying treatments
+755, −208,413
AUROC = 97.4%

treatments with clinical trials
+5,594, −202,186
AUROC = 70.0%

Project Rephetio: Does bupropion treat nicotine dependence?

  • Bupropion was first approved for depression in 1985
     
  • In 1997, bupropion was approved for smoking cessation
     
  • Can we predict this repurposing from Hetionet? The prediction was:

Compound–causes–Side Effect–causes–Compound–treats–Disease

Compound–binds–Gene–associates–Disease

Compound–binds–Gene–participates–Pathway–participates–Disease

Extras

Browse all predictions at het.io/repurpose. Discuss at thinklab.com/d/224

Top 100 epilepsy predictions & their chemical structure

Discuss at thinklab.com/d/224#5

Top 100 epilepsy predictions & their drug targets

Discuss at thinklab.com/d/230#14

Connectivity Search

how are two nodes connected?

https://het.io/software/

https://het.io/search/

https://het.io/search/?source=17054&target=6602

findings → mechanims

we report that in human cancer cells, metformin inhibits mitochondrial complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) activity and cellular respiration.

— Metformin inhibits mitochondrial complex I of cancer cells to reduce tumorigenesis
Wheaton et al (2014) eLife https://doi.org/gfpb2x

Metformin is the most widely used antidiabetic drug in the world, and there is increasing evidence of a potential efficacy of this agent as an anticancer drug. First, epidemiological studies show a decrease in cancer incidence in metformin-treated patients.

— Metformin in Cancer Therapy: A New Perspective for an Old Antidiabetic Drug?

Sahra et al (2010) Mol Cancer Ther https://doi.org/bgr5vv

Manubot

Beyond the PDF First Day Notes

By De Jongens van de Tekeningen

Licensed under CC BY 3.0

Modified to invert colors

The Deep Review

  • review article on deep learning in precision medicine
  • 27 authors from 20 different institutions
  • readers appreciate the breadth of perspectives

most viewed bioRxiv preprint of 2017

citation by persistent identifier

This is a sentence with 5 citations [
  @doi:10.1038/nbt.3780;
  @pmid:29424689;
  @pmcid:PMC5938574;
  @arxiv:1407.3561;
  @url:https://greenelab.github.io/meta-review/
].

References

  1. Reproducibility of computational workflows is automated using continuous analysis
    Brett K Beaulieu-Jones, Casey S Greene
    Nature Biotechnology (2017-03-13) https://doi.org/f9ttx6
    DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3780 · PMID: 28288103 · PMCID: PMC6103790
     
  2. Sci-Hub provides access to nearly all scholarly literature.
    Daniel S Himmelstein, Ariel Rodriguez Romero, Jacob G Levernier, Thomas Anthony Munro, Stephen Reid McLaughlin, Bastian Greshake Tzovaras, Casey S Greene
    eLife (2018-03-01) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29424689
    DOI: 10.7554/elife.32822 · PMID: 29424689 · PMCID: PMC5832410
     
  3. Opportunities and obstacles for deep learning in biology and medicine
    Travers Ching, Daniel S. Himmelstein, Brett K. Beaulieu-Jones, Alexandr A. Kalinin, Brian T. Do, Gregory P. Way, Enrico Ferrero, Paul-Michael Agapow, Michael Zietz, Michael M. Hoffman, … Casey S. Greene
    Journal of the Royal Society Interface (2018-04) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5938574/
    DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0387 · PMID: 29618526 · PMCID: PMC5938574
     
  4. IPFS - Content Addressed, Versioned, P2P File System
    Juan Benet
    arXiv (2014-07-14) https://arxiv.org/abs/1407.3561v1
     
  5. Open collaborative writing with Manubot
    Daniel S. Himmelstein, David R. Slochower, Venkat S. Malladi, Casey S. Greene, Anthony Gitter
    (2018-08-03) https://greenelab.github.io/meta-review/
This is a sentence with 5 citations [1,2,3,4,5].

input

output

manubot process

Grant G-2018-11163 to DSH

https://manubot.org/catalog/

open source

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FreeSoftware TEDx slides. (2014) Reused under CC BY 3.0

proprietary software:
the software controls the science

FreeSoftware TEDx slides. (2014) Reused under CC BY 3.0

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open source software:
the scientist controls the software

by default, scientific outputs subject to copyright

sometimes universities place additional legal barriers to reuse 

Recommendations:

  1. release data under an open license
  2. University researchers: commit to open in your resource sharing plan

Thanks!

@dhimmel

0000-0002-3012-7446

Slides
https://slides.com/dhimmel/devfest

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