Evolutionary potential of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD)

 

Jesse Bloom

Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center / HHMI

 

Slides at http://slides.com/jbloom/basic-sci-retreat-2020

 

@jbloom_lab

SARS-CoV-2 virions are decorated by spike proteins that mediate viral entry

A key portion of the spike is the receptor-binding domain (RBD)

The RBD binds ACE2 receptor on cells

Neutralizing antibodies often bind RBD & block interaction with ACE2

Outline

  • Map how mutations affect RBD folding and ACE2 binding

Outline

  • Map how mutations affect RBD folding and ACE2 binding
  • Map how mutations affect antibody binding

Outline

  • Map how mutations affect RBD folding and ACE2 binding
  • Map how mutations affect antibody binding
  • Use maps to predict if / how virus can escape antibodies

Outline

  • Map how mutations affect RBD folding and ACE2 binding
  • Map how mutations affect antibody binding
  • Use maps to predict if / how virus can escape antibodies

There are lot of possible mutations to the RBD

(201 sites) X (19 amino-acid mutations per site) = 3,819 mutations

We use yeast display to enable high-throughput experiments

RBD

fluorescent ACE2

yeast

fluorescent tag on RBD

Library of yeast, each expressing different RBD mutant with identifying 16 nt barcode

Click here for details on how library is made.

We measure how well each RBD binds to ACE2 by flow sorting and deep sequencing

fluorescent ACE2

yeast

We similarly measure expression of folded protein for each mutant using tag on RBD

yeast

fluorescent tag on RBD

Phenotypic maps of how mutations affect RBD folding & ACE2 binding

Outline

  • Map how mutations affect RBD folding and ACE2 binding
  • Map how mutations affect antibody binding
  • Use maps to predict if / how virus can escape antibodies

We map escape mutations by sorting for RBD variants that don't bind antibody

We map escape mutations by sorting for RBD variants that don't bind antibody

We map escape mutations by sorting for RBD variants that don't bind antibody

We map escape mutations by sorting for RBD variants that don't bind antibody

We map escape mutations by sorting for RBD variants that don't bind antibody

In maps, tall letters indicate strong escape mutations

Escape map for one antibody (COV2-2499)

Interactive structural view of escape map (click here)

Maps easier to interpret if we color sites by region of RBD

core RBD

receptor-binding motif

ACE2-contact residue

core RBD

receptor-binding motif

ACE2-contact residue

Escape maps for three antibodies

Subtle differences between COV2-2165 & COV2-2832 (e.g., sites 486, 487) validate in neutralization assays (see here).

core RBD

receptor-binding motif

ACE2-contact residue

We can organize antibodies in space of escape mutations

Outline

  • Map how mutations affect RBD folding and ACE2 binding
  • Map how mutations affect antibody binding
  • Use maps to predict if / how virus can escape antibodies

We grew spike-expressing virus in presence of antibody

Spike-expressing VSV (Case*, Rothlauf*, ..., Whelan. Cell Host & Microbe, 2020) in a real-time cell analysis assay (Gilchuk, ..., Crowe. Immunity, 2020).

See here for more details.

Antibody COV2-2499 selected escape mutations in 5 of 16 replicates 

mutation

G446D

Q498R

count

3

2

mutation

G446D

Q498R

count

3

2

Escape map has many mutations, why were these two selected?

mutation

G446D

Q498R

count

3

2

Only some mutations accessible by single-nucleotide changes

mutation

G446D

Q498R

count

3

2

Many mutations deleterious for ACE2 binding, but ones selected in virus aren't

ACE2 binding

weak                         strong

Selected mutations are single-nt changes that escape but retain ACE2 binding

effect on escape

ACE2 affinity

effect on escape

ACE2 affinity

Phenotypic maps also explain mutations selected by other antibodies

Antibody COV2-2165 did not select any escape mutations in repeated trials

0 escape mutants in 56 attempts

Initially appear to be many escape mutations from this antibody

But only a few are accessible by single-nucleotide changes

Single-nt mutations all impair folding or ACE2 binding, so virus can't escape

RBD expression

ACE2 binding

RBD expression /

ACE2 binding

weak                         strong

Conclusions

Conclusions

  • We can create phenotypic maps of how all mutations to SARS-CoV-2 RBD affect folding, function, and antigenicity

Conclusions

  • We can create phenotypic maps of how all mutations to SARS-CoV-2 RBD affect folding, function, and antigenicity
  • These maps can explain if and how virus is able to evolve to escape antibodies.

Conclusions

  • We can create phenotypic maps of how all mutations to SARS-CoV-2 RBD affect folding, function, and antigenicity
  • These maps can explain if and how virus is able to evolve to escape antibodies
  • The maps should be useful for understanding how ongoing viral evolution affects antibodies and immunity

Tyler Starr

Allie Greaney

Sarah Hilton

Bloom lab (Fred Hutch)

James Crowe

Seth Zost

Pavlo Gilchuk

Crowe lab (Vanderbilt)

Tyler Starr

Allie Greaney

Sarah Hilton

Bloom lab (Fred Hutch)

James Crowe

Seth Zost

Pavlo Gilchuk

Crowe lab (Vanderbilt)

Tyler Starr

Allie Greaney

Sarah Hilton

Bloom lab (Fred Hutch)

Bloom lab (Fred Hutch)

  • Kate Crawford
  • Adam Dingens
  • Andrea Loes
  • Rachel Eguia

 

Crowe lab (Vanderbilt)

  • Elad Binshtein

 

Whelan lab (Wash U)

  • Sean Whelan
  • Paul Rothlauf
  • Zhuoming Liu

 

King lab (Univ Wash)

  • Neil King
  • Dan Ellis

 

Veesler lab (Univ Wash)

  • David Veesler
  • Alexandra Walls

Interested in using the phenotypic maps? Please check out:

Phenotypic maps also useful for viral surveillance

SARS-CoV-2 isolates are being sequenced at tremendous rate

Sequences in www.gisaid.org database

Important to assess if mutations affect binding by antibodies / sera

Mutations at sites of antibody escape among all 93,858 sequences in GISAID as of Sept-6-2020

basic-sci-retreat-2020

By Jesse Bloom

basic-sci-retreat-2020

The evolutionary potential of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain

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