Paper thickness is also important to consider

Paper is the foundation of most drawings

Paper Types & Textures

Each type of media works best on specific paper types

Paper thickness, or weight, is also important

Gesture Drawings
are sketches meant to capture the overall movement and composition of a figure/object

Hatching is a foundational drawing technique for showing depth & topography

Studies of the Fetus in the Womb

Leonardo da Vinci
c. 1511 CE

Various types of Charcoal  & tools used by Artists

Self-Portrait of Left Profile, Drawing

Käthe Kollwitz
1933 CE

An Elderly Peasant Woman

Léon-Augustin Lhermitte
1878 CE

Vessel

Tom French
2007 CE

Though considered 'dry media,' charcoal can be mixed with water for certain effects

Studies for the Libyan Sibyl​

Michelangelo Buonarroti
1510-1511 CE

Sanguine looks like red chalk/charcoal, but is in fact a mineral/rock used by painters to sketch

Pastels are traditionally oil-based drawing media

Centuries Making Traditional Pastels

La Soledad del Genio

Rubén Belloso Adorna
c. late 20th to early 21st cent.

Pencils were once made with lead, but graphite is most common today

Example of a graphite sketch

Example of a detailed graphite drawing

Various types of Metalpoint materials & tools

Stylus Holders

Prepared Paper

Grounding

Silverpoint is a very old technique that makes
durable & detailed drawings

Silverpoint Drawing Demo

Pen and ink drawings have a very illustrative effect

Example of a pen and ink line drawing

Example of a pen and ink drawing using Gel Pens

Michael Booker on his Drawings

Ink can be used to make paintings, as well as drawings

Many bold effects are possible within ink paintings

Much like pencil drawings, adding color has a huge effect with ink painting

Draugens Baat

Kim Diaz Holm
Early 21st Cent. CE

Kapre

Kim Diaz Holm
Early 21st Cent. CE

There is a long tradition of ink painting in East Asia

Examining a Painted Scroll

Example of a Southern School Song Dynasty Painting

A Northern School Song Painting

Portrait of Minamoto no Yoritomo

Fujiwara no Takanobu
1179 CE

Silk Painting Process

Tempera paint is another water-based painting medium

Entry into Jerusalem

Duccio
1308-1311 CE

Tempera was most often used in the European Medieval era for paper-based works like book illustrations

Sibila Libica (within the Sistine Chapel)

Michelangelo
1512 CE

Fresco an ancient art medium that was especially popular in the  Ancient Mediterranean

School of Athens

Raphael
1509-1511 CE

Demonstration of the fresco painting process

The advantages of oil paint

Note the extreme detail possible when using oil paints

Street Artists have pioneered the use of spray paint to create their works

Group of Animals (off Rivington Street, London)

Roa
c. 2010 CE

Stencils also feature heavily in spray painted works

Some artists still choose traditional paint brushes regardless of location

-Walter Benjamin, The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, 1935 CE

On Forgeries, Mastery, & the Value of Originality

As the drawing to the left shows, the method is similar to rubber stamps and linocut.

Woodcut or woodblock prints may be the oldest printmaking method

In-Progress Woodblock being Carved

Golden Apple Tree

Tugboat Printshop
2015 CE

Overlook

Tugboat Printshop
2016 CE

Full-color woodblock prints are possible by printing in 4 colors

Each color is printed with a specially designed block

The colors build up and mix to create the full color spectrum

Black is added to the layers to complete it

Great Wave Off Kanagawa

Katsushika Hokusai
1831 CE | Ukiyo-e Woodblock Print

Ukiyo-e Printing Block

Ukiyo-e Woodblock Printing

A Selection of Woodcut Printed Fabrics (Chintz) from India

Indian Woodcut Printing Blocks

Making a Traditional Wood Printing Block

Chintz Panel

18th century CE

Making Woodblock Printed Fabric

Linoleum is also used to make 'linocut' prints due to its high carvability

Linocut Tools

Linocut pieces tend to be bold and simple in design

Hollywood Limousine

Stanley Donwood
2012 CE

Linocut Printmaking with Wuon-Gean Ho

Intaglio pieces are made with engraved metal plates

Intaglio is almost the inverse of the woodcut process

Adam and Eve

Albrecht Durer

1504 CE

Intaglio is almost the inverse of the woodcut process

Making a Mezzotint Print

Silkscreen printing is an old wallpaper making technique

It makes full-colored images similar to CMYK woodcut prints

Four Marylins

Andy Warhol
1962 CE

Andy Warhol Popularizes the Silkscreen Process in the 1960s

Silkscreen prints are the most reproducible of all print styles

Printmaker Zach Wolfson on their Work

title

title
(location)

artist
date
media

Four Major Categories of Sculpture:

Stele of Hammurabi (Lourve Copy)

c. 1790-1750 BCE
Basalt

Low Relief

Relief Carving:
Carved into or out of a flat surface

Jamb Figures of the Annunciation & Visitation
Reims Cathedral, Reims, France

13th cent. CE

High Relief

Northwest Entrance of the Cathedral

The Ecstasy of St. Teresa

Gianlorenzo Bernini
1647-1652 CE
Marble

Freestanding

Freestanding:
Able to support it's weight without additional external supports

"Stage" built to house the sculpture

Cardinals of the Venetian Cornaro family

The Thinker (Le Penseur)

Auguste Rodin
1904 CE
Bronze

In-the-Round

In-the-Round:
Freestanding sculpture design to be viewed from any angle

Collection of Prehistoric Stone Tools

Flint Napping Illustration (left) & Tool Diagram (right)

Lion Man of Ulm

c. 35,000-40,000 BCE
Ivory

Oldest figurative sculpture made by humans

Stone Carver on their Work & Process

Ripple

Hiroshi Ito

21st cent. CE
Stone

Another Face

Hiroshi Ito

21st cent. CE
Stone, metal, resin

Pulpit of Cathédrale Saint-Pierre Genève
Geneva, Switzerland | c. 13th cent. CE

Example of Traditional Dongyang Carving

Anonymous Chinese Craftsperson | 21st cent. CE | Wood

Dongyang Woodcarving Process & Tools

Boxwood Rosary Beads

Anonymous Dutch Craftsperson | 16th cent. CE| Boxwood

and in the endless sounds there came a pause

Paul Kaptein | 2014 | Laminated wood

Incarnate

Maskull Lasserre | 2012 | Books, steel

Improbable Worlds

Maskull Lasserre| 2015 | Piano, steel, laser

Shaman Anatomy

Maskull Lasserre
2014
(re-)carved South American shaman bust

Diomedes & Polyxena

Anonymous Etruscan Craftsperson
c. 540 BCE
Ceramic

Instructor Assisting Student with Sculptural Portrait Bust

Portrait Vessel of a Ruler

Anonymous Moche Craftsperson
100-500 BCE
Ceramic

Time-Lapse Modelling of a Head

Example of a Forensic Facial-Reconstruction Sculpture

Memoirs of Image & Emotions

Haejin Lee
2012
Stoneware clay

Dahlia Akita

Juliette Clovis
c. 2020 CE
Porcelain

Instructor Assisting Student with Sculptural Portrait Bust

Riace Bronze (statue A)

Anonymous Greek Craftsperson
460-450 BCE
Bronze

Metal Casting Process

Riace Bronze (statue A)

Anonymous Greek Craftsperson
460-450 BCE
Bronze

Kouros

c. 600 BCE
Archaic

Wine Pouring Vessel (Gong)

Anonymous Chinese Craftsperson | 13th-11th cent. BCE | Bronze

Portrait Bust of Wendell Brown

Jonathan Bickart | 2015 CE | Bronze

Statue of Anteros
from Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain

Alfred Gilbert
1885-1893 CE
Aluminum

Self

Marc Quinn
1991, 2006, & 2011 CE (pictured below)

Bicycle Wheel

Marcel Duchamp
1913 CE
Found objects

Fountain

Marcel Duchamp
1917 CE

Fountain (replica)

1964 CE | Glazed earthenware

One and Three Chairs

Joseph Kossuth | 1965 CE

One and Three Rakes

Joseph Kossuth | 1965 CE

The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living​

Damien Hirs | 1991 CE | Steel, glass, formaldehyde, tiger shark

Invasion

Damien Hirst | 2009 CE

For the Love of God

Damien Hirst
2006 CE

Hirst on his piece For the Love of God

Work no. 88 : a sheet of A4 paper crumpled into a ball

Martin Creed
1994 CE

Work No.285 THINGS

Martin Creed | 2002 CE

Work No. 944

Martin Creed
2008 CE

An Interview with Martin Creed

Sunflower Seeds

Ai Weiwei | 2010 CE

Sunflower Seeds

Ai Weiwei | 2010 CE

Sunflower Seeds

Ai Weiwei | 2010 CE

Dropping a Han Dynasty Urn

Ai Weiwei
1995 CE

Commentary of Ai Weiwei's Body of Work

The Value of Conceptual Art

Cut Piece

Yoko Ono | 1965 CE

Anthropometries

Yves Klein
c. 1960 CE

Anthropometries

Yves Klein
c. 1960 CE

Passing Through

Murakami Saburo
1956 CE

Passing Through

Murakami Saburo | 1956 CE

Clip from Abramovic's The Artist is Present

Abramovic on Performance Art

Illustration of Ibn al-Haytham's Camera

Ibn al-Haytham first described this phenomenon in 1011 CE in his Book of Optics (كتاب المناظر).

Camera Obscura Image of the Pantheon in the Hotel des Grandes Hommes

Abelardo Morell | 1990 CE

Window in the South Gallery of Lacock Abbey

William Henry Fox Talbot | 1835 CE

Gelidium rostratum

Anna Atkins
c. 1853 CE
Cyanotype

Boulevard du Temple

Louis Daguerre | 1838 CE | Daguerreotype

First photo to record the image of a human being.

Apparatus & Equipment for Making Daguerreotypes

(from an advertisement published in 1843)

Daguerreotype View of Cincinnati. Taken from Newport, Ky

Charles Fontayne & William Porter
1848 CE
Daguerreotype

1840s Map of Cincinnati, OH

Location of the Photo

The camera would've been about here

Daguerreotype View of Cincinnati. Taken from Newport, Ky

(detail view of plate 2)

Daguerreotype View of Cincinnati. Taken from Newport, Ky

(micrographic scan of plate 2)

Clock tower used to date the photo.

"Ultima Thule" Portrait of Edgar Allen Poe

Samuel Masury and S. W. Hartshorn
1848 CE
Daguerreotype

Lorna Simpson

Chuck Close | 2002 CE | Daguerreotype

Self-Portrait

Chuck Close | 2006 CE | Daguerreotype

Migrant Mother

Dorothea Lange
1936 CE

"Tank Man" Photograph

Unknown photographer | 1989 CE

title
(location)

artist
date
media

The New Mothers

Sally Mann | 1989 CE

Manufacturing #17, Deda Chicken Processing Plant, Dehui City, Jilin Province, China
Edward Burtynsky | 2005

Diagram of a
Zoetrope

Still image from 'A Trip to the Moon!'

Georges Méliès | 1902 CE | Film

First ever commercially available motion picture

Movie Poster from 'The Birth of a Nation'
D. W. Griffith

1915 CE

The Horrible Cleverness of Nazi Media

Still from 'The Wizard of Oz'

Directed by Victor Fleming | 1939 CE | Film

Color films were introduced around 1910 CE 

Still from 'The Royal Tenenbaums'

Directed by Wes Anderson | 2001 CE | Film

Some directors, like Anderson, rely heavily on color to tell stories and set moods.

Earthrise

William Anderson
1968

Pale Blue Dot

Voyager 1 | 1990

Tilted Table Illusion

James Gibson
1937 CE

Which way is the top piece leaning?

Optical Illusions often modify very basic elements to fool your eyes by sort of "hijacking" your brain's natural pattern recognition abilities through clever use of lines, shapes, and color.

Tilted Table Illusion

James Gibson
1937 CE

The Tilted Table is an example of a Zöllner illusion

Zöllner illusion

Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner
1860 CE

Are the horizontal lines to the right straight and even?

Café Wall Illusion (aka Münsterberg illusion)
Hugo Münsterberg
1894 CE

How the Cafe Wall Illusion Works

Shepard Tables
Roger Shepard
1990 CE

Proving the Shepard Tables Illusion:
The radius of each circle remains the same.

Proving the Shepard Tables Illusion:
The radius of each circle remains the same.

Müller-Lyer Illusion
Franz Carl Müller-Lyer
1889 CE

Which arrow appears longer?

Bertano-Müller-Lyer Illusion (examples)
Franz Bertano
1882 CE

Bertano-Müller-Lyer Illusion (moving example)
Franz Bertano
1882 CE

Dynamic Müller-Lyer Illusion
Gianni Sarcone
2015 CE

Irradiation Illusion
named by Hermann von Helmholtz
1867 CE
(possibly 1632 CE by Galileo)

Which square looks bigger?

"A Bulge" (Irradiation Illusion example)
 Akiyoshi Kitaoka
1998 CE

Rotating Snakes
Akiyoshi Kitaoka
2003 CE

Example of a Peripheral Drift Illusion

Anomalous Motion Illusion
Paul Nasca
2010 CE

Is there anything 'hiding' in the image below?