Brian Capouch

Chris Matthys

Quick bio

Grew up on the Gehring muck farm in Jasper County
Degrees in Spanish and Agricultural Engineering Technology
Have worked as a crop consultant off and on
34 years teaching Computer Science at Saint Joseph's
Since retirement, local history and historic restoration
Currently restoring Sunny Crest, a farm estate in Benton County

My marshy past

Gehring Farms
- Pinkamink/Iroquois
Elmer Gumz Farms
- Kankakee
- Zig-zagging across the 2nd Principal Meridian
Arthur Gumz/Danny Overmyer
- Big Monon/Tippecanoe

Goals

Examine the natural history of the Kankakee
Introduce an amazing history of the river
Note where places mentioned in the book are today

1. Natural History of the Kankakee

What do I mean "Kankakee?"

The Kankakee Valley proper
Iroquois and Yellow Rivers are tributaries
- Iroquois/Pinkamink "sort of" the same

Kankakee River/Marsh Stats

Original fall approx 6" per mile
Over 2000 bends, oxbows, and meanders, etc.
Approx. 85 miles as the crow flies
~250 miles counting all the bends
Marsh extent 400,000 acres (or more)
3-5 miles wide

Soil-forming forces in nature

Glacia l movement
Fluvial (Flowing water)
Lacustrine (Lakebeds)
Aeolian (Wind)

Let's look at some recent history . . .

The Wisconsin glaciation began about 75,000 years ago

Reaching its maximum extent about 22,000 years ago

Glaciers advanced and retreated as the climate cooled and warmed

When glaciers stop, they leave end moraines

By this time the glacier is long gone

Huge amounts of meltwater were discharged below the end moraines

The meltwater carried with it materials swept up by the advance of the glacier

The material moved by glacial drainage is called outwash, and creates outwash plains

A glacier gone as far as it can go

The sandy outwash in the Kankakee Valley is notable for its massive extent

The meltwater also created many glacial lakes

The "lower" banks of glacial lakes were often formed by older end moraines

The Kankakee Torrent was a catastrophic flood ca 19,000 years ago

It was caused by a sudden breach in glacial Lake Chicago, precursor to Lake Michigan

It formed the basins for the later channels of the Kankakee and Illinois rivers

The canyons in Starved Rock State Park were formed by the Torrent

Meltwater then created Lake Kankakee about 14,000 years ago

Its bounds were (roughly) the Valparaiso Moraine to the north, and Iroquois Moraine to the south

The flat Kankakee's discharge was "dammed" by a limestone ridge near Momence, Illinois

(More about that in a bit . . . . . )

Summary of unique qualities

Geologically recent (new land = good land)
The torrent was responsible for basic shape of basin
All four soil-forming processes seen in the Kankakee Valley
The vast amount of sandy outwash is highly permeable
- This has led to some "wars"
The glacial lakebeds were almost flat
The rock ledge held back the water to create the marsh

Image courtesy of Kankakee River Basin Yellow River Basin Commission

In 1870, The Kankakee River Draining Company was formed

In 1882, John L. Campbell, Indiana's Chief Engineer, issued a report on the river

The biggest impediment was the Momence Ledge

But Indiana had no sovereignty there

A complex, contentious project

Illinois asserted sovereignty, Indiana's locals revolted
Various remonstrances, bills, lawsuits, etc.
Indiana quietly bought easements in Illinois
The ledge was finally cleared in 1893
- 8649' x 300' x 2.5'
- 66247 cubic yards of rock removed

The first 7 miles at the headlands were straightened in 1896, by private parties

The Upper Valley drained by 1906

1896: 7 mi. privately done
Miller Ditch 7.75 mi.
Kankakee Improvement Co. 5.5 mi.
Place Ditch 9.1
1906: Kankakee River Reclamation Co. 16.7 mi.

The cutoff was the western boundaries of Starke and Laporte counties

Work was completed to the Illinois line by 1918

Original 250 miles -> 80 miles river length
400,000 acres -> 30,000 marshland
Illinois was hostile; left their side untouched

2. Tales of Kankakee Land

What's in the book?

Beautiful verbal descriptions of the river and marsh
Vignettes of a number of historical figures
Descriptions of historical events and river life
Much discussion about the natives and their doings

Material from this book appears to have been heavily borrowed, sometimes without attribution.

About Charles H. Bartlett

Born in South Bend in 1853
Family home was first brick house in South Bend
- Father Joseph was merchant
- Family were longtime Abolitionists
- His g-grandfather Josiah signed the Declaration of Indpendence
Member of first class, South Bend High School
Later principal of the school
Longtime leading editor at Scribner's.

Courtesy St. Joseph Co. Public Library

The Bartlett House, built 1850

A few passages from the book

From Wild Honey

These conditions spread for the bees a feast that offered the first nectar sippings while the snows were on the hillside, and that continued to proffer their sweetness in their tinted cups until most of the autumn leaves were on the ground.

From The Flaming Sea

A wind-driven fire sweeping through the width and the breadth of the Kankakee resembles in many features the dreaded prairie-fires of the Western Plains.

From Legends of Lost Lake

The stream that in this manner loses itself in the Kankakee is known in our day as the Barkosky; now, however, a mere canal straight and deep. They have taken out all the sinuous curves and loops by which the ancient water-way crept from its source, Lost Lake.

Historical Personalities

Dr. Sandy Elicott

"The wise old storyteller"
Son and grandson of pioneer traders
Could be called the protagonist
- His stories, retold, form the backbone of the book
- He may also have been a literary invention

A word about Topenebee

William Burnett

Very early trading posts
Married Kakima, sister of Topenebee
- Their adopted grandson was Chief Abram Burnett
- Abram's birth mother was Topenebee's neice
Trading post is now archaeology site
Burnettsville, Indiana named for his son Abraham

Leopold Pokagon

Chief of the "Pokagon Band" for 42 years
Married Elizabeth, daughter of Topenebee
- Their son Simon succeeded him
- Simon wrote 'The Red Man's Rebuke' in 1893
Was an ardent advocate of assimilation
- Converted to Catholicism
- Negotiated special provisions in the Treaty of Chicago for his tribe
Constructed a very curious conveyance

From Northwest Indiana Times

Image courtesy of Kankakee Valley Historical Society

Native Americans in the area

Pe-ash-a-way and Petapsco
Topenebee and Black Partridge
- Tecumseh mentioned in very negative terms
Tribes, their movements and affrays
Comments on their nature and character

Sociological Observations

Quiet and stoic
Unusual relationship to time
Sharing, even when starving
Other specific oddities
- Swimming women
- Love children (and would steal to get them)