AWS X-Ray

Hands-On

Demo

In this demo, we will:

Set up IAM roles for X-Ray integration
Create Lambda functions with X-Ray tracing
Configure API Gateway with X-Ray tracing
Deploy a DynamoDB table and enable tracing
Create a multi-tier application workflow
Generate traffic and analyze traces
Use X-Ray Service Map to visualize architecture
Clean up resources

Agenda

Step 1: Set up IAM Roles for X-Ray Integration

AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole

AWSXRayDaemonWriteAccess

AmazonDynamoDBFullAccess

LambdaXRayRole

{
    "Version": "2012-10-17",
    "Statement": [
        {
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Action": [
                "lambda:InvokeFunction"
            ],
            "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:*:*:function:GetProductFunction"
        }
    ]
}

LambdaInvokePolicy

Step 2: Create DynamoDB Table for Application Data

DynamoDB

ProductCatalog

ProductId

Create table

Table settings

Capacity calculator

Read/write capacity settings

Warm throughput

Secondary indexes

Encryption at rest

Deletion protection

Explore table items

Create item

{
  "ProductId": {
    "S": "PROD-001"
  },
  "ProductName": {
    "S": "Wireless Mouse"
  },
  "Price": {
    "N": "29.99"
  },
  "Category": {
    "S": "Electronics"
  },
  "Stock": {
    "N": "150"
  }
}

{
  "ProductId": {
    "S": "PROD-002"
  },
  "ProductName": {
    "S": "Mechanical Keyboard"
  },
  "Price": {
    "N": "89.99"
  },
  "Category": {
    "S": "Electronics"
  },
  "Stock": {
    "N": "75"
  }
}

ProductCatalog

Step 3: Create Lambda Functions with X-Ray Tracing

GetProductFunction

Change default execution role

Additional configurations

Logging configuration

Lambda service traces

Save

import json
import boto3
import random
import time

# Initialize DynamoDB client
dynamodb = boto3.resource('dynamodb')
table = dynamodb.Table('ProductCatalog')

def lambda_handler(event, context):
    # Simulate variable processing time
    process_time = random.uniform(0.1, 0.5)
    
    try:
        # Extract product ID from event
        if 'pathParameters' not in event or 'productId' not in event['pathParameters']:
            return {
                'statusCode': 400,
                'body': json.dumps({'error': 'Product ID is required'}),
                'headers': {
                    'Content-Type': 'application/json'
                }
            }
        
        product_id = event['pathParameters']['productId']
        print(f"Fetching product: {product_id}")
        
        # Simulate validation processing
        time.sleep(process_time)
        
        # Query DynamoDB
        response = table.get_item(Key={'ProductId': product_id})
        
        if 'Item' not in response:
            print(f"Product not found: {product_id}")
            return {
                'statusCode': 404,
                'body': json.dumps({'error': 'Product not found'}),
                'headers': {
                    'Content-Type': 'application/json'
                }
            }
        
        print(f"Product found: {product_id}")
        
        # Simulate post-processing
        time.sleep(0.1)
        
        return {
            'statusCode': 200,
            'body': json.dumps(response['Item'], default=str),
            'headers': {
                'Content-Type': 'application/json'
            }
        }
        
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Error: {str(e)}")
        import traceback
        traceback.print_exc()
        return {
            'statusCode': 500,
            'body': json.dumps({'error': 'Internal server error', 'details': str(e)}),
            'headers': {
                'Content-Type': 'application/json'
            }
        }

ProcessOrderFunction

Create 2nd function

Change default execution role

Additional configurations

Logging configuration

Lambda service traces

import json
import boto3
import random
import time
from datetime import datetime

# Initialize clients
dynamodb = boto3.resource('dynamodb')
lambda_client = boto3.client('lambda')
table = dynamodb.Table('ProductCatalog')

def lambda_handler(event, context):
    # Parse request body
    try:
        if 'body' in event:
            body = json.loads(event['body'])
        else:
            body = event
            
        product_id = body.get('productId')
        quantity = body.get('quantity', 1)
        
        print(f"Processing order - Product: {product_id}, Quantity: {quantity}")
        
    except Exception as e:
        return {
            'statusCode': 400,
            'body': json.dumps({'error': 'Invalid request body'}),
            'headers': {
                'Content-Type': 'application/json'
            }
        }
    
    try:
        # Call GetProductFunction to validate product exists
        invoke_response = lambda_client.invoke(
            FunctionName='GetProductFunction',
            InvocationType='RequestResponse',
            Payload=json.dumps({
                'pathParameters': {'productId': product_id}
            })
        )
        
        response_payload = json.loads(invoke_response['Payload'].read())
        
        if response_payload['statusCode'] != 200:
            return {
                'statusCode': 404,
                'body': json.dumps({'error': 'Product not found'}),
                'headers': {
                    'Content-Type': 'application/json'
                }
            }
            
        product = json.loads(response_payload['body'])
        
        # Simulate inventory check with random delay
        time.sleep(random.uniform(0.2, 0.6))
        
        stock = float(product.get('Stock', 0))  # Convert to float for comparison
        if stock < quantity:
            return {
                'statusCode': 400,
                'body': json.dumps({'error': 'Insufficient stock'}),
                'headers': {
                    'Content-Type': 'application/json'
                }
            }
        
        # Simulate order processing
        time.sleep(random.uniform(0.3, 0.7))
        
        # Occasionally simulate a slow operation
        if random.random() > 0.8:
            print("Slow operation triggered")
            time.sleep(2.0)
        
        order_id = f"ORD-{int(time.time())}"
        
        return {
            'statusCode': 200,
            'body': json.dumps({
                'orderId': order_id,
                'productId': product_id,
                'quantity': quantity,
                'totalPrice': float(product.get('Price', 0)) * quantity,
                'status': 'Processing'
            }),
            'headers': {
                'Content-Type': 'application/json'
            }
        }
        
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Error processing order: {str(e)}")
        import traceback
        traceback.print_exc()
        return {
            'statusCode': 500,
            'body': json.dumps({'error': 'Order processing failed'}),
            'headers': {
                'Content-Type': 'application/json'
            }
        }

Step 4: Configure API Gateway with X-Ray Tracing

ProductServiceAPI

API for product catalog and order processing

Create REST API

Create resource

products

Create resource

{productId}

Create resource

Resources

Create method

Resources

orders

Create resource

Create method

Lambda function

Create method

Deploy API

prod

Deploy API

Edit Stage

Edit logs and tracing

Step 5: Generate Traffic and Test the Application

# Test retrieving a product
curl -X GET "${API_ENDPOINT}/products/PROD-001"

# Set your API endpoint
API_ENDPOINT=

# Test non-existent product
curl -X GET "${API_ENDPOINT}/products/PROD-999"

# Process an order
curl -X POST "${API_ENDPOINT}/orders" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
    "productId": "PROD-001",
    "quantity": 2
  }'

# Test with invalid product
curl -X POST "${API_ENDPOINT}/orders" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
    "productId": "INVALID-PRODUCT",
    "quantity": 1
  }'

Create Bulk Traffic Script

# Generate 20 requests with varying patterns
for i in {1..20}; do
  # Alternate between products
  if [ $((i % 2)) -eq 0 ]; then 
    PRODUCT="PROD-001"
  else
    PRODUCT="PROD-002"
  fi

  # GET request
  curl -s -X GET "${API_ENDPOINT}/products/${PRODUCT}" > /dev/null & 

  # POST request
  curl -s -X POST "${API_ENDPOINT}/orders" \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -d "{\"productId\": \"${PRODUCT}\", \"quantity\": $((RANDOM % 5 + 1))}" > /dev/null & 

  # Small delay between requests
  sleep 0.5
done

echo "Traffic generation complete. Wait for all requests to finish..."
wait 
echo "All requests completed."