University of Delaware
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Biden School of Public Policy and Administration
Data Science Institute
federica b. bianco
she/her
University of Delaware
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Biden School of Public Policy and Administration
Data Science Institute
Rubin Legacy Survey of Space and Time
Deputy Project Scientist, Construction
Acting Head of Science, Operation
federica b. bianco
she/her
this slide deck is live at https://slides.com/federicabianco/padova25
The best way to view the slides is on the web (to see videos and animations). A flat (PDF) version of this deck would be largely diminished
Building a legacy: |
the LSST transient sky
experiment driven science -∞:1900
theory driven science 1900-1950
data driven science 1990-2010
the fourth paradigm - Jim Gray, 2009
computationally driven science 1950-1990
experiment driven science -∞:1900
theory driven science 1900-1950
data driven science 1990-2010
the fourth paradigm - Jim Gray, 2009
computationally driven science 1950-1990
AI driven science? 2010...
Frank Rosenblatt, 1958
The Navy revealed the embryo of an electronic computer today that it expects will be able to walk, talk, see, write, reproduce itself and be conscious of its existence.
The embryo - the Weather Buerau's $2,000,000 "704" computer - learned to differentiate between left and right after 50 attempts in the Navy demonstration
July 8, 1958
when did the first Neural Network in astronomy review came out?
Join at
slido.com
#1771215
1988
early 1990s
number of arXiv:astro-ph submissions with abstracts containing one or more of the strings: ‘machine learning’, ‘ML’, ‘artificial intelligence’, ‘AI’, ‘deep learning’ or ‘neural network’.
Site: Cerro Pachon, Chile
Funding: US NSF + DOE
Building an unprecedented catalog of Solar System Objects
LSST Science Drivers
Building an unprecedented catalog of Solar System Objects
LSST Science Drivers
Mapping the Milky Way and Local Volume
Building an unprecedented catalog of Solar System Objects
LSST Science Drivers
Mapping the Milky Way and Local Volume
Probing Dark Energy and Dark Matter
Building an unprecedented catalog of Solar System Objects
LSST Science Drivers
Mapping the Milky Way and Local Volume
Probing Dark Energy and Dark Matter
Exploring the Transient Optical Sky
To accomplish this, we need:
1) a large telescope mirror to be sensitive - 8m (6.7m)
2) a large field-of-view for sky-scanning speed - 10 deg2
3) high spatial resolution, high quality images - 0.2''/pixels
4) process images in realtime and offline to produce 20TB data every night, 70PB in 10 years
>=18000 sq degrees
~800 visits per field
2 visits per night (within ~30 min for asteroids)
+ 5x10sq deg Deep Drilling Fields with ~8000 visits
Objective: to provide a science-ready dataset to transform the 4 key science area
Are We There YET????!!!!
artist (me) impression of the first image taken by ComCam
3024 science raft amplifier channels
Camera and Cryostat integration completed at SLAC in May 2022,
Shutter and filter auto-changer integrated into camera body
LSSTCam undergoing final stages of testing at SLAC
678 separate images taken in just over seven hours of observing time. Trifid nebula (top right) and the Lagoon nebula, which are several thousand light-years away from Earth. | NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory
Virgo cluster. Visible are two prominent spiral galaxies (lower right), three merging galaxies (upper right), several groups of distant galaxies, many stars in the Milky Way galaxy and more.
June 30, 2025
DP1 release!
HELL YEAH!
2025
edge computing
Will we get more data???
2025
edge computing
Will we get more data???
17B stars
20 B galaxies
more celestial objects than people on this ever increasingly overpopulated earth
"BUT BIG DATA DOES NOT MEAN BIG SCIENCE"
Yang Huang,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
SpecCLIP talk @UNIVERSAI
IAU workshop Greece June 2025
From Flammarion's Astronomie Populaire (1880): in Scania, Denmark
Workshop of Diebold Lauber unknown artist, ca.1450
Exploring the Transient and Variable Optical Sky
Exploring the Transient and Variable Optical Sky
Exploring the Transient and Variable Optical Sky
Exploring the Transient and Variable Optical Sky
Exploring the Transient and Variable Optical Sky
Exploring the Transient and Variable Optical Sky
edge computing
17B stars (x10) Ivezic+19
~10 million QSO (x10) Mary Loli+21
~50k Tidal Disruption Events (from ~150) Brickman+ 2020
~10k SuperLuminous Supernovae (from ~200)
~400 strongly lensed SN Ia (from 10) Ardense+24
~50 kilonovae (from 2) Setzer+19, Andreoni+19 (+ ToO)
> 10 Interstellar Objects fom 2.... ?)
edge computing
17B stars (x10) Ivezic+19
~10 million QSO (x10) Mary Loli+21
~50k Tidal Disruption Events (from ~150) Brickman+ 2020
~10k SuperLuminous Supernovae (from ~200)
~400 strongly lensed SN Ia (from 10) Ardense+24
~50 kilonovae (from 2) Setzer+19, Andreoni+19 (+ ToO)
> 10 Interstellar Objects fom 2.... ?)
17B stars (x10) Ivezic+19
~10 million QSO (x10) Mary Loli+21
~50k Tidal Disruption Events (from ~150) Brickman+ 2020
~10k SuperLuminous Supernovae (from ~200) Villar+ 2018
~400 strongly lensed SN Ia (from 10) Ardense+24
~50 kilonovae (from 2) Setzer+19, Andreoni+19 (+ ToO)
> 10 Interstellar Objects fom 2.... ?)
17B stars (x10) Ivezic+19
~10 million QSO (x10) Mary Loli+21
~50k Tidal Disruption Events (from ~150) Brickman+ 2020
~10k SuperLuminous Supernovae (from ~200) Villar+ 2018
~400 strongly lensed SN Ia (from 10) Ardense+24
~50 kilonovae (from 2) Setzer+19, Andreoni+19 (+ ToO)
> 10 Interstellar Objects fom 2.... ?)
17B stars (x10) Ivezic+19
~10 million QSO (x10) Mary Loli+21
~50k Tidal Disruption Events (from ~150) Brickman+ 2020
~10k SuperLuminous Supernovae (from ~200) Villar+ 2018
~400 strongly lensed SN Ia (from 10) Ardense+24
~50 kilonovae (from 2) Setzer+19, Andreoni+19 (+ ToO)
> 10 Interstellar Objects fom 2.... ?)
SKA
(2025)
17B stars (x10) Ivezic+19
~10 million QSO (x10) Mary Loli+21
~50k Tidal Disruption Events (from ~150) Brickman+ 2020
~10k SuperLuminous Supernovae (from ~200) Villar+ 2018
~400 strongly lensed SN Ia (from 10) Ardense+24
~50 kilonovae (from 2) Setzer+19, Andreoni+19 (+ ToO)
> 10 Interstellar Objects fom 2.... ?)
True Novelties!
LSST survey strategy optimization
LSST survey strategy optimization
a pioneering process of community-centric design
LSST Science Book (2009)
Rubin has involved the community to an unprecedented level in survey design this is a uniquely "democratic" process!
Survey Cadence Optimization Committee
2017
80,000
Rubin has involved the community to an unprecedented level in survey design this is a uniquely "democratic" process!
2019
80,000
Rubin has involved the community to an unprecedented level in survey design this is a uniquely "democratic" process!
2023
80,000
Rubin has involved the community to an unprecedented level in survey design this is a uniquely "democratic" process!
2024
80,000
Rubin has involved the community to an unprecedented level in survey design this is a uniquely "democratic" process!
2024
2024
80,000
# pairs of observations (1e5)
time gaps (days)
Eric C. Bellm et al 2022 ApJS 258 13
Proposed 3 intranight obs
2 within 1 hour in different filters
1 at 4-8 hours separation w repeat filter
Intranight color (near instantaneous)
Intranight rate of change (~hour time scales)
Presto-Color, Bianco+ 2019
Current plan: rolling 8 out of the 10 years
newer simulations ->
<-bad good ->
newer simulations ->
4 – 24 hour gaps between epochs will enable kilonova parameter estimation
Andreoni+ 2022a
Grad student
Since 2019 we study the sky (and more!) with AI
Postdoc
LSST has profoundly changed the TDA infrastructure
described in ls.st/LDM-612
world public!
10M alerts per night!! anything that changed by >5σ from "how the sky usually looks"
in 60 seconds:
Difference Image Analysis
in 60 seconds:
Difference Image Analysis + Bogus rejection
Tatiana Acero Cuellar
UNIDEL Fellow
The only AI element in the current LSST pipeline
Discovery Engine
10M alerts/night
Community Brokers
target observation managers
BABAMUL
To this day, transient astronomy heavily relies on spectra
Rubin will see ~1000 SN every night!
Credit: Alex Gagliano University of Illinois, IAIFI fellow 2023
Tatiana Acero-Cuellar, UNIDEL fellow, LSSTC data science fellow
WORKING WITH RUBIN AP TEAM TO DEVELOP THE ML-RELIABILITY SCORE OF RUBIN ALERTS
search
template
difference
-
=
96% accurate
Tatiana Acero-Cuellar, UNIDEL fellow, LSSTC data science fellow
search
template
difference
-
=
92% accurate
Tatiana Acero-Cuellar, UNIDEL fellow, LSSTC data science fellow
search
template
difference
-
=
What is the network learning?
What can we learn from the AI?
Tatiana Acero-Cuellar, UNIDEL fellow, LSSTC data science fellow
Interpretable AI
Robust AI
Anomaly detection
KIC 3858884: A hybrid δ Scuti pulsator in a highly eccentric eclipsing binary Maceroni+2014
Kepler EB
LSST (simulated) EB
Kepler EB
LSST (simulated) EB
LSST Deep Drilling Fields
LSST Wide Fast Deep (main survey)
visualizatoin and concept credit: Alex Razim
visualizatoin and concept credit: Alex Razim
Kaicheng Zhang et al 2016 ApJ 820 67
SN 2011fe
deSoto+2024
Boone 2017
7% of LSST data
Boone 2017
7% of LSST data
The rest
is transient data AI ready?
is transient data AI ready?
is transient data AI ready?
is transient data AI ready?
is transient data AI ready?
is transient data AI ready?
is transient data AI ready?
Dr. Somayeh Khakpash
LSSTC Catalyst Fellow, Rutgers
Rare classes will become common, but how do we know what we are looking at and classify different objects for sample studies?
Data-Driven Photometric Templates for stripped SESN
on the job market!
Khakpash et al. 2024 ApJS https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.01672
FASTlab Flash highlight
Siddarth Chiaini, FINESST NASA fellow
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.12120.pdf
Somayeh Khakpash
Catalyst Fellow (Rutgers)
Autoencoders to generate computationally expensive caustic maps for quasar microlensing and infer physical parameters from the latent space
FASTlab Flash highlight
Gaussian processes work by imposing a kernel that represents the covariance in the data (how data depend on time or time/wavelength). Imposing the same kernel for different time-domain phenomena is principally incorrect
=> bias toward known classes
AI approaches to sparse sampling
Neural processes replaces the imposed kernel with a learned model: an artificial neural network
AI approaches to sparse sampling
Discoverying the unknown
Siddarth Chiaini, FINESST NASA fellow
NEURIPS Machine Learning for Physical Sciences workdhop - accepted
NSF award #2219731
Text
Are we prepared to discover new physics?
Text
Are we prepared to discover new physics?
This ensamble distance method excells at identifying out of sample anomalies!
Text
Are we prepared to discover new physics?
NASA FINESST Fellow
Siddarth Chiaini, UDelaware
Siddarth Chiaini, FINESST NASA fellow
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.12120.pdf
Siddarth Chiaini, UDelaware
FASTlab Flash highlight
Siddarth Chiaini, UDelaware
FASTlab Flash highlight
Siddarth Chiaini, UDelaware
FASTlab Flash highlight
Siddarth Chiaini, UDelaware
FASTlab Flash highlight
Siddarth Chiaini, UDelaware
FASTlab Flash highlight
Text
This distance based methods can find true out of set anomalies, not just unusal presentatios of the usual physicis!
And its "explainable"!
When they go high, we go low... spectra classification at low resolution
Astrophysical spectra require the capture of enough photons at each wavelength:
large telescopes
long exposure times
bright objects
Willow Fox Fortino
UDelaware
When they go high, we go low
Classification power vs spectral resolution for SNe subtypes
Willow Fox Fortino
UDelaware
When they go high, we go low
Classification power vs spectral resolution for SNe subtypes
Willow Fox Fortino
UDelaware
Willow Fox Fortino
UDelaware
When they go high, we go low
Classification power vs spectral resolution for SNe subtypes
Willow Fox Fortino
UDelaware
Classification from sparse data: Lightcurves
Viswani 2017 Attention is all you need
AI was transformed in 2017 by this paper
Willow Fox Fortino
UDelaware
When they go high, we go low
Classification power vs spectral resolution for SNe subtypes
Willow Fox Fortino
UDelaware
When they go high, we go low
Classification power vs spectral resolution for SNe subtypes
Willow Fox Fortino
UDelaware
Willow Fox Fortino
UDelaware
When they go high, we go low
Classification power vs spectral resolution for SNe subtypes
Willow Fox Fortino
UDelaware
Optimal deep learning architectures for transients' spectral classification
As seen in Muthukrishna+2019
Willow Fox Fortino
UDelaware
Optimal deep learning architectures for transients' spectral classification
As seen in Muthukrishna+2019
Willow Fox Fortino
UDelaware
As seen in Muthukrishna+2019
Text
A new AI-based classifier for SN spectra at low resolution
Willow Fox Fortino
UDelaware
Optimal deep learning architectures for transients' spectral classification
As seen in Muthukrishna+2019
Training a NN:
Results are based on test data, unseen in training
Willow Fox Fortino
UDelaware
Optimal deep learning architectures for transients' spectral classification
DASH model (M19)
Correcting training mistakes
(new baseline)
New Transformer model
(Fortino+ in prep)
(Transformer as in... ChatGPT)
Fast transients with LSST
The violent and rapidly varying radiation from black holes, neutron stars, and white dwarfs makes them promising targets for high time resolution imaging.
Thomas and Kahn, 2018
Additional targets
cepheid
cepheid
Stellar flares are short lived (~minutes) brightening events caused by magnetic reconnections in stars' atmospheres. Stellar flare impact planetary habitability. Fast and unpredictable, they are hard to study and their physical properties, like temperature, are poorly constrained.
atmosphere-aided studies with LSST
Quasars redshift
via spectral features falling in different observation bands
dDCR color Flare temperature
atmosphere-aided studies with LSST
Riley Clarke, UDelware
dM Flare energy
dDCR color Flare temperature
NSF Award #2308016
Riley Clarke et al. 2024 ApJS
on the job market!
LSST ΔDCR detectability
Riley Clarke, UDelware
on the job market!
atmosphere-aided studies with LSST
LSST ΔDCR detectability
atmosphere-aided studies with LSST
Riley Clarke, UDelware
Riley Clarke, UDelware
Stars that flare ΔDCR
Stars that flare ΔDCR
on the job market!
Riley Clarke, UDelware
DWF030225.574-545707.456_1251218
Riley Clarke, UDelware
on the job market!
DWF030225.574-545707.456_1251218
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.19584 ApJL in press
A community of practice funded on principles of Equity, Inclusivity, Cooperation
A dystopian present, not future
what's in a name?
The first ground-based national US observatory named after a woman, Dr. Vera C. Rubin
An international community of practice built on principles of cooperation, equity, and solidarity
is a word I am borrowing from Margaret Atwood to describe the fact that the future is us.
However loathsome or loving we are, so will we be.
Whereas utopias are the stuff of dream dystopias are the stuff of nightmares, ustopias are what we create together when we are wide awake
US-TOPIA
thank you!
University of Delaware
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Biden School of Public Policy and Administration
Data Science Institute
federica bianco