CSS Properties & Flexbox

Joel Ross
Spring 2024

View of the Day

  • Q & A

  • CSS Properties

    • Fonts

    • Box Model

    • Flexbox

START WORKING ON
PROBLEM SET 03 EARLY!

It's a bigger problem set (3 problems!) and will take you longer than the previous one. Don't put it off and fall behind! Start tomorrow!

Updating Lecture Code

# switch to starter branch to get new starter code
git checkout starter

# download new starter code
git pull

# switch back to main branch for coding
git checkout main

# merge in new starter code (use default msg)
git merge starter --no-edit

# code and enjoy!

Get the starter code from the starter branch, but do all of your work on main.

Q&A

https://pollev.com/joelross

Fonts

Fonts are installed "per computer", so not every computer has the same fonts (which is why you set a default with font-family).

Fonts are installed "per computer", so not every computer has the same fonts (which is why you set a default with font-family).

p {
  font-family: 'Helvetica', 'Arial', sans-serif;
}

Use this font

If first isn't available,
use this

If nothing else,
use this style of font-face

Generic Fonts

All fonts are categories in 1 of 5 different "categories", each of which has a generic style.

Serif vs. Sans-Serif

Research (roughly) suggests that sans-serif fonts are easier to read on screens, as well as more accessible for users with e.g., dyslexia.

Font Units

All browsers have a "default" font size--generally 16px. We use relative font sizing in case of variations.

Note that units are "measurement units" (think: inches)

em relative to the parent font size By default 2em = 32px
But if the parent's font-size was 20px, then 2em = 40px
rem relative to the root (body's) font size of 16px 2rem = 32px usually
% relative to parent font size or dimension, can use for width or height if parent width is 300px,
then 50% = 150px
px absolute measurement (do not use for fonts) 16px = 16px

https://fonts.google.com/

It is also possible to specify an online font that the browser will download and display.

Fonts

Fonts are installed "per computer", so not every computer has the same fonts (which is why you set a default with font-family).

Fonts are installed "per computer", so not every computer has the same fonts (which is why you set a default with font-family).

p {
  font-family: 'Helvetica', 'Arial', sans-serif;
}

Use this font

If first isn't available,
use this

If nothing else,
use this style of font-face

Box Model

All HTML elements take up space on a page based on their "box size". You can manipulate the box model to change the size and appearance of the element

Display Property

You can customize whether an element is displayed as a block or inline element using the display property.

Choose elements based on their semantics, not their appearance!

/* <li> elements will be inline (an inline list!) */
li {
  display: inline;
}

display: inline-block

You cannot set the width or height of an inline element, but you can adjust the size of an inline-block element.

Position

You can use the position property to adjust where an element appears on the page from its normal layout. You will also need to set position adjustment values top, left, bottom, and/or right

/* position element 20px up and to the right 
 * of where it "normally" would be */
img.badge {
  position: relative;
  top: 20px;
  right: 20px;
}

LIMIT USE OF THE
position AND float
PROPERTIES!

Flexbox

A flexbox is an element that allows you to flexibly customize the layout of its children.

An element is made into a flexbox by giving it the display: flex CSS property.

flexbox

child elements

Flexbox Properties

Customize the layout of the flexbox's children by given the flexbox additional CSS properties. For example:

flex-wrap

justify-content

Child Properties

You can also customize the children of the flexbox (the elements that are inside the box) by giving them additional CSS properties. For example:

flex-grow

Flexbox vs. Children

Don't get the flexbox (sometimes called the flex container) mixed up with the child elements (sometimes called the flex items) that are inside of it! 

  • The flexbox specifies how its children are positioned.
  • The child elements specify how much space they should take up.

Nesting Flexboxes

A flexbox can contain other flexboxes inside of it!

That is: a child of a flexbox can itself be a flexbox (specifying how its children are positioned).

But a flexbox only influences its children, not its grandchildren! A flexbox lays out its child boxes; what happens inside those boxes is their own business.

Using Flexboxes

Flexboxes are great solutions for:

  • Centering block elements (use justify-content)
  • Creating "columns" for a page"
  • Making an element fill a space larger than its content (use flex-grow)
  • ... and more!

 

Flexboxes are not great solutions for:

  • Having block elements stack on top of each other (just use normal elements!)
  • Adding specific spacing between elements (use margin/padding)
  • ... doing anything else that the browser does by default!

Action Items!

  • Read: through Chapter 8

  • Problem Set 02 due TONIGHT!!

  • Problem Set 03 due next Wednesday

    • ​Start early!

 

Next: Responsive Design & Media Queries