Building too much parking has
real consequences, including:

Increasing housing costs

Decreasing transit ridership

This makes our communities more expensive, congested, and polluted.

And there are costs to building too much parking

More Parking = More Cars = More Traffic

10 parking spaces could cost

$160,000 in unnecessary construction

Three spaces

could be

or

1

1: Blended rate determined by average construction cost for surface and garage spaces and based on proportion of surface (42%) and garage (58%) spaces observed during overnight counts. We estimated an average construction cost of $23,500 per garage space based on WGI’s Parking Structure Cost Outlook for 2018, which assumes all above-grade construction, and a below-average rate of $6,000 per surface space.

How do we avoid overbuilding parking?

In other words, how do we find the perfect fit to align parking supply and demand?

Well...

it's complicated

There are

many different

needs & opinions

I don't want to pay for parking I no longer use.

I'm looking for a place with parking for two cars.

I wouldn't drive if I had another option.

I am looking for a place with bike parking.

when it comes to residential parking.

I need a vehicle for trips to the grocery store.

I kept my car because finding parking is easy.

But what is often missing from these conversations?

how much parking is actually being used?

DATA

So we collected some!

Peak

residential parking

is at night.

Get the flashlights out!

In coordination with property owners, MAPC collected overnight parking data at nearly 200 sites across the Inner Core.

In total,
we counted

19,439 spaces...

...and

5,910 spaces

were empty

That means 30% of the parking was unutilized.

Based on our data, the average

50-unit

residential building...

...would have

50 parking spaces.

And

would be unoccupied.

14 spaces

Parking Demand per Unit:

Parking Supply per Unit:

Parking Utilization:

total housing units

occupied

housing unit

unoccupied housing unit

total parking

spaces

occupied

parking space

unoccupied

parking space

Key Terms

the total number of parking spaces divided by the total number of housing units.

the number of occupied parking spaces divided by the number of occupied housing units.

the number of occupied parking spaces divided by the total number of parking spaces.

Average parking supply

Average parking demand

1.00 spaces/unit

0.73 spaces/unit

We observed excess parking in all communities surveyed

What factors drive

We investigated 25 factors for their potential influence on parking demand

Building Features

Parking Features

Built Environment

Socioeconomic Context

• Percentage of units that are affordable
• Year of construction
• Average bedroom count
• Average rent or purchase price
• Number of units in building
• Housing tenure

• Presence of bicycle parking
• Parking cost
• Ratio of parking cost to monthly rent cost per bedroom
• Ratio of parking cost to monthly rent cost per unit
• Percent of provided parking spaces that are garaged
• Ratio of garage to surface parking spaces
• Parking supply

• Number of jobs accessible by 30-minute transit trip
• Neighborhood population density
• Neighborhood employment density
• Neighborhood population and employment density (cumulative)
• Presence of MBTA commuter rail station within half-mile
• Presence of MBTA rapid transit station within half-mile
• WalkScore®

• Median annual income (Census tract)
• Average household size for rental households (Census tract)
• Average household size for ownership households
• Share of households in U.S. Census tract that are renter-occupied
• Share of households in U.S. Census tract with zero vehicle

parking demand?

These are just some of the factors that individually drive parking demand up or down

Number of Transit

Accessible Jobs

Demand per unit

Parking Supply per Unit

Percentage of Affordable Units

WalkScore®

Average Rent

Free

Parking

We found that a number of factors affect parking demand

Three factors stood out as most significant:

While the number of jobs accessible by transit and the share of affordable units in a building influence parking demand...

...parking supply was found to be the primary driver of parking demand.

1) Require fewer spaces – or none at all.

Cities and towns can reduce existing requirements, tailoring them to different types of developments in different locations. In some cases, parking minimums can be eliminated entirely.

2) Design transit-oriented developments for transit-oriented households.

Abundant parking at developments meant to be transit-oriented is counter-productive. New housing in areas with good transit should provide less than one space per unit to accommodate households with fewer vehicles.

3) Don't make people pay for what they don't need.

Property owners should unbundle the rental cost for housing and parking so that residents can choose whether to rent a parking space. State and local regulators should encourage or require such unbundling.

4) Less parking, more affordable housing.

Because residents at affordable housing sites are demonstrated to have lower parking demand (and thus are more dependent on transit), we should not only build less parking at transit-oriented sites, but those sites should have a larger share of affordable units.

5) Get ready for a parking marketplace.

Increased pressure on street parking combined with excess parking at residential developments sets the stage for an app-enabled parking rental marketplace. Public agencies should set parameters and tax policy now, before this market has established itself and becomes resistant to regulation.

What would it look like if we achieved the perfect fit?

Before

After

Finding the Perfect Fit

(Phases 1 and 2)

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