matias@kashyyyk ~ $ python
Python 3.7.0 (default, Jun 28 2018, 13:15:42) 
[GCC 7.2.0] :: Anaconda, Inc. on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 1+2
3
>>> print("Hello, world !")
Hello, world !
>>>
matias@kashyyyk ~ $ 

matias@kashyyyk ~ $ cat test.py
a = 5

print("Hello, world !")

matias@kashyyyk ~ $ python -i test.py
Hello, world !
>>> a
5
>>> 

def nom_de_la_fonction(argument1, ..., argumentN):
    # indentation de début de bloc

>>> n = input("Quelle est la réponse ? ")
Quelle est la réponse ?

>>> f = open("/etc/issue", "r")
>>> print(f.read())

Linux Mint 17.2 Rafaela \n \l

>>> 

conda install notebook -c conda-forge

pip install mobilechelonian,

from turtle import *  # ou bien: from mobilechelonian import Turtle sous Jupyter

t = Turtle()
t.speed(5)              #parametrage de la vitesse de 1 lent à 10 rapide, 0 étant la vitesse la plus rapide
t.shape("turtle")       #choix de la forme de la tortue
t.pencolor("red")       #choix de la couleur du crayon
t.pensize(4)            #épaisseur du crayon
t.up()                  #lever le crayon     
t.goto(0,0)             #aller à la position (0,0)
t.setheading(0)         #orientation de la tortue vers l'Est / 90  Nord / 180 Ouest / 270 Sud
t.down()                #poser le crayon

from turtle import * 

speed(5)            #parametrage de la vitesse de 1 lent à 10 rapide, 0 étant la vitesse la plus rapide
shape("turtle")     #choix de la forme de la tortue
pencolor("red")     #choix de la couleur du crayon
pensize(4)          #épaisseur du crayon
up()                #lever le crayon     
goto(0,0)           #aller à la position (0,0)
setheading(0)       #orientation de la tortue vers l'Est / 90  Nord / 180 Ouest / 270 Sud
down()              #poser le crayon

def marche():
    left(90)
    forward(50)
    right(90)
    forward(50)

def escalier(n):
    for i in range(n):
        marche()

escalier(5)

mainloop()

def polygone(n, longueur=50):
    pendown()
    angle = 360/n
    for i in range(n):
      forward(longueur)
      right(angle)

import time
import datetime
from turtle import *

shape("arrow")
pensize(4)
delay(0)
home()

def horloge(taille_cadran=100):
    def dessiner_cadran():
      angle = 360/12
      penup()
      for i in range(12):
        right(angle)
        forward(taille_cadran)
        pendown()
        dot(taille_cadran/20, "blue")
        penup()
        backward(taille_cadran)

    def dessiner_trotteuse(s):
        angle = 360/60
        setheading(90-(s*angle))
        color("red")
        forward(taille_cadran*0.8)

    def effacer_trotteuse():
        color("white")
        backward(taille_cadran*0.8)

    dessiner_cadran()
    pendown()

    while True:
        now = datetime.datetime.now()
        dessiner_trotteuse(now.second)
        time.sleep(1) # pause de 1 seconde
        effacer_trotteuse()

horloge(200)

>>> def fact(n):
        if n == 0:
            return 1
        else:
            return n * fact(n-1)

>>> a = input("Veuillez saisir un nombre entier positif: ")
>>> print(fact(int(a)))

def fortune(n):
    with open("/usr/share/games/fortunes/fortunes") as f:
        i = 1
        while i < n:
            if f.readline() == '%\n':
                i += 1
        l = f.readline()
        while l != '%\n':
            print(l)
            l = f.readline()
        

>>> fortune(10)
Accent on helpful side of your nature.  Drain the moat.

>>>

Python 3.7.0 (default, Jun 28 2018, 13:15:42) 
[GCC 7.2.0] :: Anaconda, Inc. on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> bla
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'bla' is not defined

>>> 1/0
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero

# calcul du périmètre d'un cercle,
# le rayon ne doit pas être négatif
def périmètre(rayon):
    if rayon < 0:
        raise ValueError("Le rayon du cercle est négatif")
    return 2*rayon*math.pi

try:
    ...
except Exception as e:
    if isinstance(e, ZeroDivisionError):
        # division par zero
    elif isinstance(e, AttributeError):
        # attribut manquant
    ...
# l'exécution du code continuera toujours ici ensuite
# (à moins que le code plus haut ne fasse un return...) 

try:
    ... #code pouvant générer une exception
except Exception:
    ... #code de traitement des exceptions
else:
    ... #code exécuté s'il n'y a pas eu d'exception
finally:
    ... #code TOUJOURS exécuté à la fin

Python 3.7.0 (default, Jun 28 2018, 13:15:42) 
[GCC 7.2.0] :: Anaconda, Inc. on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import builtins
>>> dir(builtins)
['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError', 'BaseException', 'BlockingIOError', 'BrokenPipeError', 
'BufferError', 'BytesWarning', 'ChildProcessError', 'ConnectionAbortedError', 'ConnectionError', 'ConnectionRefusedError',
'ConnectionResetError', 'DeprecationWarning', 'EOFError', 'Ellipsis', 'EnvironmentError', 'Exception',
'False', 'FileExistsError', 'FileNotFoundError', 'FloatingPointError', 'FutureWarning', 'GeneratorExit', 'IOError',
'ImportError', 'ImportWarning', 'IndentationError', 'IndexError', 'InterruptedError', 'IsADirectoryError', 'KeyError',
'KeyboardInterrupt', 'LookupError', 'MemoryError', 'ModuleNotFoundError', 'NameError', 'None', 'NotADirectoryError',
'NotImplemented', 'NotImplementedError', 'OSError', 'OverflowError', 'PendingDeprecationWarning', 'PermissionError',
'ProcessLookupError', 'RecursionError', 'ReferenceError', 'ResourceWarning', 'RuntimeError', 'RuntimeWarning',
'StopAsyncIteration', 'StopIteration', 'SyntaxError', 'SyntaxWarning', 'SystemError', 'SystemExit', 'TabError',
'TimeoutError', 'True', 'TypeError', 'UnboundLocalError', 'UnicodeDecodeError', 'UnicodeEncodeError', 'UnicodeError',
'UnicodeTranslateError', 'UnicodeWarning', 'UserWarning', 'ValueError', 'Warning', 'ZeroDivisionError', 
'__build_class__',
'__debug__', 
'__doc__', 
'__import__', 
'__loader__', 
'__name__', 
'__package__', 
'__spec__', 
'abs', 'all', 'any', 'ascii', 'bin', 'bool', 'breakpoint', 'bytearray', 'bytes', 'callable', 'chr', 'classmethod',
'compile', 'complex', 'delattr', 'dict', 'dir', 'divmod', 'enumerate', 'eval', 'exec', 'exit', 'filter', 'float',
'format', 'frozenset', 'getattr', 'globals', 'hasattr', 'hash', 'help', 'hex', 'id', 'input', 'int', 'isinstance',
'issubclass', 'iter', 'len', 'list', 'locals', 'map', 'max', 'memoryview', 'min', 'next', 'object', 'oct', 'open',
'ord', 'pow', 'print', 'property', 'quit', 'range', 'repr', 'reversed', 'round', 'set', 'setattr', 'slice', 'sorted',
'staticmethod', 'str', 'sum', 'super', 'tuple', 'type', 'vars', 'zip']
>>> 

>>> n = 26  # == 0x1A, == 032, == int('26')
>>> 1234567**89
13957418598822621635241167796707938465481984
07702631541489010157114345875559162218718550
53939370772085656915237689603767083349991793
71334647109157262849410607614641938921108745
92091708239393326778590937567344701723518950
79430772488109105692648444480028380122417140
93256943282431643000874095802505371673542134
47294105206815597154794725416313214250137689
78692403188995380725532383634472359562908542
46954797114645706242235684570157179581172114
61266397348099045779670126089615289970121785
37266420111446716001493476975934877110973383
995456863730247

s1 = 'Hello'
s2 = 'β is b in greek' # une string Python peut contenir des caractères Unicode
s3 = '12'
s3 == str(12)

>>> l1 = [1, 2.5, None, "hello"]
>>> l1[0] == 1
True
>>> l1[-1] == "hello"
True
>>> l1.index(None) == 2
True
>>> del l1[2]
>>> len(l1) == 3
True
>>> 

>>> t1 = ("Pierre", "Martin", 24)
>>> nom, prenom, age = t1         # dégroupage
>>> t1[0] == prenom == "Pierre"
True
>>> t1[-1] == 24
True
>>> prenom, nom = nom, prenom    # permutation
>>> prenom == "Martin"
True
>>> del t1[2]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'tuple' object doesn't support item deletion
>>> 

>>> filles = set(('Julie', 'Alice'))
>>> garçons = set(('Romain', 'Pierre'))
>>> personnes = filles | garçons         # '|': opérateur d'union
>>> personnes
{'Romain', 'Julie', 'Alice', 'Pierre'}
>>> vegetariens = set(('Pierre', 'Julie'))
>>> filles_vegetariennes = filles.intersection(vegetariens)
>>> filles_vegetariennes
{'Julie'}
>>> personnes_qui_mangent_de_la_viande = personnes - vegetariens
>>> personnes_qui_mangent_de_la_viande
{'Romain', 'Alice'}
>>> 

>>> d = { "a": 5, "b": 4, "toto": [1,2,3], 8: "hello" }
>>> d["a"] == 5
>>> d[8] == "hello"
>>> list(d.keys())
['a', 'b', 'toto', 8]
>>> list(d.values())
[5, 4, [1, 2, 3], 'hello']
>>> del d["b"]
>>> len(d) == 3
True

b1 = True  # == 1
b2 = False # == 0

>>> s=" Hello, world ! "
>>> s.lower() # conversion en minuscules
" hello, world ! "
>>> s.upper() # conversion en majuscules
" HELLO, WORLD ! "

>>> s.split(", ") # renvoie une liste, en découpant la string suivant le délimiteur spécifié
[" Hello", "world ! "]
>>> "-".join(["a","b"]) # concaténer les éléments d'un itérable
"a-b"
>>> s.replace(" !", ".") # remplacer une sous-chaîne par une autre
" Hello, world. "
>>> s.strip() # supprimer les espaces avant et après la chaîne
"Hello, world !"

>>> s = "Je m'appelle {} {}.".format("Matias", "Guijarro")
>>> print(s)
Je m'appelle Matias Guijarro.
>>> name = "Matias"
>>> s = f"Je m'appelle {name}" # nouveau dans Python 3.6: f-strings
>>> print(s)
Je m'appelle Matias
>>> a, b = 3, 5
>>> s = f"{a} + {b} = {a+b}"
>>> print(s)
3 + 5 = 8

# nombres divisibles par 7 entre 1 et 1000

print([n for n in range(1,1001) if n%7 == 0])

# les nombres entre 1 et 1000 avec un seul 3 dedans

print([n for n in range(1,1001) if str(n).count('3')==1])

# count_spaces

def count_spaces(sentence):
    return sum([1 if x.isspace() else 0 for x in sentence])

assert count_spaces("The quick brown fox jumps on the lazy dog")==8

def count_spaces(sentence):
    return sentence.count(" ")

assert count_spaces("The quick brown fox jumps on the lazy dog")==8

# consonnes

consonnes = "".join([c if c not in 'aeiouy' else '' for c in "The quick brown fox jumps on the lazy dog"])
print(consonnes)

# liste des mots de 4 lettres

def list_4_letter_words(sentence):
    return list(filter(None, [w if len(w)==4 else None for w in sentence.split(" ")]))

assert list_4_letter_words("The quick brown fox jumps on the lazy dog")==["lazy"]

msg = '01110011001000000110111001101111001000000010000001101001001000000111001101101110001000000110010100100000001000000110100000100000001000000110010100100000011100100010000000100000011100000110110100100000011011110010000001100011'

octets = [msg[i:i+8] for i in range(0, len(msg), 8)]

chars = [chr(int(c, 2)) for c in octets]

removed_spaces = list(filter(None, [c.strip() for c in chars]))

decoded_msg = "".join(reversed(removed_spaces))

print(decoded_msg)

# avec le module 'collections'


frequencies = collections.Counter(jedi['lightsaber_color'] for jedi in jedis)


# ou bien avec une comprehension de dictionnaire

colors = [jedi['lightsaber_color'] for jedi in jedis]
frequencies = {color: colors.count(color) for color in set(colors)}



print(frequencies)
{'green': 6, 'red': 5, 'blue': 6}

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-




import <module1>
from <module2> import <nom>


VARIABLE_GLOBALE = <valeur>




def fonction_quelconque(arg1, arg2, ...):
    <code de la fonction>

...

class MaClasse(object):
    ...



if __name__ == '__main__':
    ...

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

def f(x, y):
    return x*y

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

def f(x, y):
    return x*y

if __name__ == '__main__':
    print(f(5, 6))

matias@kashyyyk ~/dev/exemple_paquet $ tree
.
├── test.py
├── bla.py
├── __init__.py
└── toto
    ├── __init__.py
    └── blabla.py

python -c "import test; print test.multiply(2,3)"
    ---> sortie 6.0
  
python test.py 2 1.5
    ---> sortie 3.0

python test.py 2 3 4
    ---> sortie 24

import sys 
 
def multiply(*n): 
    res = 1 
    for x in n: 
        res *= x 
    return res 
 
if __name__ == '__main__': 
    nombres = [float(x) for x in sys.argv[1:]] 
    print(multiply(*nombres)) 

import random
import os
import sys
import unidecode

HANGMAN = ["""
      _______
     |/      |
     |      
     |     
     |      
     |    
     |
    _|___
""",
"""
      _______
     |/      |
     |      (_)
     |     
     |     
     |  
     |
    _|___
""",
"""
      _______
     |/      |
     |      (_)
     |      \|/
     |      
     |     
     |
    _|___
""",
"""
      _______
     |/      |
     |      (_)
     |      \|/
     |       |
     | 
     |
    _|___
""",
"""
      _______
     |/      |
     |      (_)
     |      \|/
     |       |
     |      / L
     |
    _|___
"""]

def find_word():
    word = None
    dictionary_file = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "french.txt")
    with open(dictionary_file, encoding='latin-1') as df:
        while True:
            i = random.randint(0, 22739)
            word = next((line.strip() for j, line in enumerate(df) if i==j))
            if word[0].isupper():
                df.seek(0)
            else:
                break
    return word 

def g_display_hangman():
    """Display hangman"""
    for h in HANGMAN:
        yield h+'\n'

def g_ask_for_char():
    already_tried = []
    while True:
        input_char = input("Proposer une lettre: ").upper()
        if len(input_char) > 1:
            continue
        if input_char in already_tried:
            print(f"Deja essaye: {input_char}")
            continue
        already_tried.append(input_char)
        yield input_char 

def display_word(word, found):
    print('\n')
    print("Mot: {}".format(" ".join([c if found[i] else "_" for i,c in enumerate(word)])))
    print('\n')

def start_game(debug):
    game_over = False
    word = find_word()
    assert word is not None
    if debug:
        print(f'Mot a trouver = {word}')
    normalized_word = unidecode.unidecode(word).upper()
    found_chars = [False]*len(word)
    
    display_hangman = g_display_hangman()
    ask_for_char = g_ask_for_char()
    
    print(next(display_hangman))
    while not game_over:
        display_word(word, found_chars)
        input_char = next(ask_for_char)          
        if input_char in word.upper():
            found_chars = [found_chars[i] or input_char==c for i,c in enumerate(normalized_word)]
            if all(found_chars):
                break
        else:
            try:
                print(next(display_hangman))
            except StopIteration:
                game_over = True
    if game_over:
        print(f"Dommage... Le mot etait: {word}")
    else:
        print("Super!")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    debug = False
    if '-d' in sys.argv[1:]:
        debug = True
    start_game(debug)

from PyQt5.Qt import Qt, QApplication, QMainWindow, QWidget, QMenuBar, QMenu, QLabel, QVBoxLayout, QHBoxLayout, QMessageBox, QPixmap
import functools
import random

LISTE_MOTS = ["trouver", "ballon", "cyclone", "voiture", "python"]

def generateur_gibet(dessin_pendu):
    hangman = [[
"64 47 2 1 ",
"  c none",
". c #3D3D3D",
"                                                                ",
"                                                                ",
"                                                                ",
"                 .    .  .   .    .                             ",
"              .........................                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"             ..                       .                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"             ..                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"             ..                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"             ..                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"             ..                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"             ..                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"             ..                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"             ..                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"             ..                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"  .........................................................     ",
"     .   .  .  .  .   .  .   .   .   .    .  .    .  .    .     ",
"                                                                ",
"                                                                "],
[
"64 47 2 1 ",
"  c none",
". c #414141",
"                                                                ",
"                                                                ",
"                                                                ",
"                 .    .  .   .    .                             ",
"              .........................                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"             ..                       .                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"              .                    .......                      ",
"              .                   ..     .                      ",
"             ..                   .  . . ..                     ",
"              .                   . .. .. .                     ",
"              .                  ..    . ..                     ",
"              .                   .  ..  ..                     ",
"             ..                   ..     .                      ",
"              .                    ..  ...                      ",
"              .                     ....                        ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"             ..                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"             ..                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"             ..                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"             ..                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"  .........................................................     ",
"     .   .  .  .  .   .  .   .   .   .    .  .    .  .    .     ",
"                                                                ",
"                                                                "],
[
"64 47 2 1 ",
"  c none",
". c #414141",
"                                                                ",
"                                                                ",
"                                                                ",
"                 .    .  .   .    .                             ",
"              .........................                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"             ..                       .                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"              .                    .......                      ",
"              .                   ..     .                      ",
"             ..                   .  . . ..                     ",
"              .                   . .. .. .                     ",
"              .                  ..    . ..                     ",
"              .                   .  ..  ..                     ",
"             ..                   ..     .                      ",
"              .                    .......                      ",
"              .                      ...                        ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"             ..                      ..                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"             ..                      ..                         ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"             ..                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"             ..                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"  .........................................................     ",
"     .   .  .  .  .   .  .   .   .   .   .   .    .  .    .     ",
"                                                                ",
"                                                                "],
[
"64 47 2 1 ",
"  c none",
". c #434343",
"                                                                ",
"                                                                ",
"                                                                ",
"                 .    .  .   .    .                             ",
"              .........................                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"             ..                       .                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"              .                    .......                      ",
"              .                   ..     .                      ",
"             ..                   .  . ....                     ",
"              .                   . .. .. .                     ",
"              .                  ..    .  .                     ",
"              .                   .   .  ..                     ",
"             ..                   .. .   .                      ",
"              .                    .......                      ",
"              ..                     ...                        ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              .               .  .   ..                         ",
"              .             ...........                         ",
"             ..                      ..                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"             ..                       .                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              ..                                                ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              ..                                                ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"             ..                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"             ..                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"  .........................................................     ",
"     .   .  . .   .   .  .   .   .   .    .  .    .  .    .     ",
"                                                                ",
"                                                                "],
[
"64 47 2 1 ",
"  c none",
". c #444444",
"                                                                ",
"                                                                ",
"                                                                ",
"                 .    .  .   .    .                             ",
"              .........................                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"             ..                       .                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"              .                    .......      ..........      ",
"              .                   ..     .      ..... ...       ",
"             ..                   .  . ....   .                 ",
"              .                   . .. .. .  .                  ",
"              .                  ..    .  . .                   ",
"              .                   .   .  ..                     ",
"             ..                   .. .   .                      ",
"              .                    .......                      ",
"              .                      ...                        ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              .               .    . .. .   .                   ",
"             ..             ....................                ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"             ..                       .                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              ..                      .                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"             ..                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"             ..                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"  .........................................................     ",
"     .   .  . .   .   .  .   .   .   .   .   .    .  .    .     ",
"                                                                ",
"                                                                "],
[
"64 47 2 1 ",
"  c none",
". c #444444",
"                                                                ",
"                                                                ",
"                                                                ",
"                 .    .  .   .    .                             ",
"              .........................                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"             ..                       .                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"              .                    .......                      ",
"              .                   ..     .                      ",
"             ..                   .      ..                     ",
"              .                   .       .                     ",
"              .                  ..      ..                     ",
"              .                   .   .  ..                     ",
"             ..                   ..  .  .                      ",
"              .                    .......                      ",
"              ..                     ...                        ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              .               .    . .. .   .                   ",
"              .             ....................                ",
"             ..                      ..                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"             ..                       .                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              .                      ..                         ",
"              .                       .                         ",
"              ..                     ...                        ",
"              .                     .. ..                       ",
"              .                    ..   .                       ",
"              ..                  ..     ..                     ",
"              .                   .       .                     ",
"              .                  ..       ..                    ",
"             ..                 ..         ..                   ",
"              .                ..           .                   ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"             ..                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"              .                                                 ",
"  .........................................................     ",
"     .   .  . .   .   .  .   .   .   .    .  .    .  .    .     ",
"                                                                ",
"                                                                "]]
    for xpm_data in hangman:
        dessin_pendu.setPixmap(QPixmap(xpm_data))
        yield

def demarrer_pendu(main_window):
    # Zone de jeu en position centrale 
    zone_jeu = QWidget()
    QVBoxLayout(zone_jeu)
    zone_jeu.layout().addWidget(QLabel("<center><h1>Mot à trouver:</h1></center>"))
    main_window.setCentralWidget(zone_jeu)
    hbox = QHBoxLayout(main_window)
    dessin_pendu = QLabel(zone_jeu)
    dessin_pendu.setScaledContents(True)
    dessin_pendu.setFixedWidth(128)
    dessin_pendu.setAlignment(Qt.AlignHCenter)
    hbox.addWidget(dessin_pendu)
    zone_jeu.layout().addLayout(hbox)

    # nouveau mot a trouver
    mot_a_trouver = random.choice(LISTE_MOTS)
    print(mot_a_trouver) #pour le debogage
    mot_cherche = ["_"]*len(mot_a_trouver)
    
    label_mot_a_trouver = QLabel()
    def affiche_mot_cherche():
        label_mot_a_trouver.setText(f"<center><b><h1>{' '.join(mot_cherche)}</h1></b></center>")
    zone_jeu.layout().addWidget(label_mot_a_trouver)

    def tester(char):
        trouve = False
        gagne = False
        for i, c in enumerate(mot_a_trouver):
            if char.lower() == c.lower(): # comparaison en minuscules
                mot_cherche[i] = c
                trouve = True
        gagne = not '_' in mot_cherche
        return trouve, gagne
   
    affiche_gibet = generateur_gibet(dessin_pendu)

    def gerer_appui_touche(event):
        char_code = event.key()
        try:
            char = chr(char_code)
        except ValueError:
            pass
        else:
            trouve, gagne = tester(char)
            affiche_mot_cherche()
            if not trouve:
                try:
                    next(affiche_gibet)
                except StopIteration:
                    QMessageBox.critical(None, "Dommage", "Perdu... :(")
                    main_window.keyPressEvent = main_window.saved_keypressevent
                    zone_jeu.close()
            if gagne:
                QMessageBox.information(None, "Félicitations!", "C'est gagné")
                main_window.keyPressEvent = main_window.saved_keypressevent
                zone_jeu.close()        

    main_window.saved_keypressevent = main_window.keyPressEvent  #sauver la fonction
    main_window.keyPressEvent = gerer_appui_touche #remplacer la fonction par la notre
    affiche_mot_cherche()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Creation de l'application
    app = QApplication([])

    # Fenetre principale
    main_window = QMainWindow()
    main_window.setMinimumSize(500,500)
    main_window.setWindowTitle("Jeu du Pendu")
    
    # Barre de menu
    menu = QMenuBar()
    main_window.setMenuBar(menu)
    
    # Menu
    menu_partie = QMenu("Partie")
    menu_partie.addSeparator()
    menu.addMenu(menu_partie)

    action_demarrer = menu_partie.addAction("Démarrer")
    action_demarrer.triggered.connect(functools.partial(demarrer_pendu, main_window))
    action_quitter = menu_partie.addAction("Quitter")
    action_quitter.triggered.connect(main_window.close)

    # Afficher la fenetre et entrer dans la boucle de Qt
    main_window.show()
    app.exec_()

import sys
import struct
import zlib

COLOR_MODES = { 3: "indexed colors",
                2: "truecolor",
                6: "truecolor with alpha",
                0: "greyscale",
                4: "greyscale with alpha" }

COMPRESSION_METHOD = { 0: "deflate" }

def check_signature(f):
    signature = b"\x89\x50\x4e\x47\x0d\x0a\x1a\x0a"
    assert signature == f.read(len(signature))

def read_chunk(f):
    chunk_length = struct.unpack(">i", f.read(4))[0]
    chunk_type = struct.unpack(">4s", f.read(4))[0]
    chunk_data = f.read(chunk_length)
    chunk_crc = f.read(4)
    return chunk_type, chunk_data

def read_png(filename):
    with open(filename, "rb") as f:
        check_signature(f)
        chunk_type, chunk_data = read_chunk(f)
        assert chunk_type == b"IHDR"
        width, height, depth, color_mode, compression_method, filtering_method, _ = struct.unpack(">iiccccc", chunk_data)
        depth = ord(depth)
        color_mode = ord(color_mode)
        compression_method = ord(compression_method)
        filtering_method = ord(filtering_method)
        assert filtering_method == 0
        print(f"PNG image, {width}x{height}, {depth} bits per channel, color mode: {COLOR_MODES[color_mode]}, compression: {COMPRESSION_METHOD[compression_method]}")
        raw_data = b""
        while True:
            chunk_type, chunk_data = read_chunk(f)
            if chunk_type == b"IEND":
                break
            elif chunk_type == b"IDAT":
                raw_data += chunk_data
        raw_data = zlib.decompress(raw_data)
        # each line of the image in data is in the form: <filter> r g b a
        assert len(raw_data)==width*height*4+height

if __name__ == '__main__':
    read_png(sys.argv[1])

def creer_fontaine(contenu): 
    while True:
        x = yield contenu
        if x:
            contenu = x

>>> f = creer_fontaine("soda")
>>> next(f)
soda
>>> next(f)
soda
>>> f.send("lait")
lait
>>> next(f)
lait

# ouvrir un fichier, le lire, et être
# sûr de le fermer même si une exception survient
try:
    f = open("/tmp/bla")
    ...
finally:
    f.close()

from contextlib import contextmanager
 
@contextmanager
def ma_fonction():
  # tout le code avant yield est exécuté
  # à l'entrée du contexte (au moment du 'with')
  ...
  yield X # la valeur X est récupérable avec 'as'
  ...
  # tout le code après yield est exécuté à la
  # sortie du contexte

from contextlib import contextmanager
import time

@contextmanager
def timeit():
  t0 = time.time()
  yield
  elapsed_time = 1000*(time.time()-t0)
  print("Execution took {} ms".format(elapsed_time))

with timeit():
  print("Je dors...")
  time.sleep(1)

# écriture de f o g(x) en Python,
# tel que f o g(x) = f[g(x)]

# 1. fonction décorateur
def f(fonction_à_décorer):

    def fonction_composée(x):
       nom_fonction_décorée = fonction_à_décorer.__name__
       print(f"Bienvenue dans la fonction composée 'f o {nom_fonction_décorée}'")
       print(f"Je renvoie le carré du résultat de {nom_fonction_décorée}")

       res = fonction_à_décorer(x)

       print(f"La fonction {nom_fonction_décorée} a renvoyé {res}")
       print("Je renvoie ce résultat au carré")

       return res**2

    return fonction_composée



# 2. définition
>>> @f
... def g(x):
...   return 2*x
>>>

def retry_on_exception_decorator(n):
    def decorator(func):
        def wrapped_func(*args, **kwargs):
            i = n
            last_exception = None
            while i > 0:
                try:

                    ret = func(*args, **kwargs)

                except Exception as e:
                    last_exception = e
                    i -= 1
                else:
                    return ret
            raise last_exception
        return wrapped_func
    return decorator

retry = retry_on_exception_decorator(3)

@check_type(str, city=(str,None))
def greeting(name, city=None):
    print(f"Hello, {name}{' from '+city if city else ''} !")

>>> greeting("Alex", "Voiron")
Hello, Alex from Voiron !

>>> greeting("Juan")
Hello, Juan !

>>> greeting("Albert", city=42)
TypeError: Arg. 42 has an invalid type, expected: <class 'str'>

def check_type(*args, **kwargs):
    def check(x, types):
        try:
            types = tuple(types)
        except TypeError:
            if type(x)!=types:
                raise TypeError(f"Arg. {x} has an invalid type, expected: {str(type)}")
        else:
            if not any(type(x)==t for t in types):
                raise TypeError(f"Arg. {x} has an invalid type, expected one of: {','.join([str(t) for t in types])}")

    def decorator(func):
        def wrapped_func(*func_args, **func_kwargs):
            for arg, arg_types in zip(func_args, args):
                check(arg, arg_types)
            for arg_name, arg in func_kwargs.items():
                arg_types = kwargs[arg_name]
                check(arg, arg_types)
            return func(*func_args, **func_kwargs)
        return wrapped_func

    return decorator

import multiprocessing
import time

def countdown(count):
    while count > 0:
        print("Counting down", count)
        count -= 1
        time.sleep(3)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=countdown,
                                 args=(10,))
    p1.start()
    p1.join() # attendre la fin du process

from multiprocessing import Process, Queue, Event

started_event = Event()
queue = Queue()

def multiplier(factor, queue, started_event):
    started_event.set()
    n = queue.get()
    queue.put(factor * n)

p1 = Process(target=multiplier, args=(2, queue, started_event))

p1.start()
started_event.wait()
queue.put(6)
print(queue.get()) # affiche 12

from PIL import Image
import requests
import io
import multiprocessing
import itertools
import more_itertools
import contextlib
import time

@contextlib.contextmanager
def timeit():
    t0 = time.perf_counter()
    yield
    print(f"Function took {1000*(time.perf_counter()-t0)} ms.")

imgdata = requests.get("https://i.stack.imgur.com/3T6Gc.jpg").content

imgdata_as_a_file = io.BytesIO(imgdata)

im = Image.open(imgdata_as_a_file)

def convert_to_greyscale(data):
    return [sum(rgb)//3 for rgb in data]

with timeit():
    pixels_greyscale = convert_to_greyscale(im.getdata())

#im_greyscale = Image.new("L", im.size)
#im_greyscale.putdata(pixels_greyscale)

pixels = im.width * im.height
ncpus = multiprocessing.cpu_count()
chunk_size = pixels//ncpus

with timeit():
    with multiprocessing.Pool(ncpus) as pool:
        sub_data = pool.map(convert_to_greyscale, more_itertools.chunked(im.getdata(), chunk_size))

    pixels_greyscale = itertools.chain(*sub_data)

im_greyscale = Image.new("L", im.size)
im_greyscale.putdata(list(pixels_greyscale))
im_greyscale.show()

class MachineACafé:
    def __init__(self):
        self._temperature = 50
        self._finesse_mouture = "moyen"

    def _chauffer_eau(self):
        pass

    def _moudre_grains(self, quantité):
        pass

    def _faire_couler(self, quantité_eau):
        pass

    def _signaler_café_prêt(self):
        print("Veuillez prendre votre café.")

    def faire_café(self, quantité_café, quantité_eau):
        self._chauffer_eau()
        self._moudre_grains(quantité_café)
        self._faire_couler(quantité_eau)
        self._signaler_café_prêt()

class Animal:
    def __init__(self, type, couleur):
        self._type = type
        self._couleur = couleur

    @property
    def type(self):
        return self._type

    @property
    def couleur(self):
        return self._couleur

class Animal:
    def __init__(self, type, couleur):
        self._type = type
        self._couleur = couleur
        self._état = None

    @property
    def état(self):
        if not self._état:
            return "inconnu"
        else:
            return self._état

    @état.setter
    def état(self, nouvel_état):
        états_autorisés = ("endormi", "éveillé", "agressif", "en rut")
        if not nouvel_état in états_autorisés:
            raise ValueError(f"Etat invalide, choisir parmi: {', '.join(états_autorisés)}")
        self._état = nouvel_état

import math

class Cercle:
    def __init__(self, rayon):
        self._rayon = rayon

    @property
    def rayon(self):
        return self._rayon

    @rayon.setter
    def rayon(self, r):
        self._rayon = r

    @property
    def diametre(self):
        return 2*self.rayon

    @diametre.setter
    def diametre(self, d): 
        self.rayon = d/2.

    def calculer_aire(self):
        return math.pi*self.rayon**2

    def calculer_perimetre(self):
        return 2*math.pi*self.rayon

class CompteBancaire: 
    def __init__(self, numeroCompte, nom, solde): 
        self.__numeroCompte = numeroCompte 
        self.__nom = nom 
        self.__solde = solde 
 
    @property 
    def numeroCompte(self): 
        return self.__numeroCompte 
 
    @property 
    def nom(self): 
        return self.__nom 
 
    @property 
    def solde(self): 
        return self.__solde 
 
    def versement(self, somme): 
        self.__solde += somme 
 
    def retrait(self, somme): 
        if self.__solde < somme: 
            raise ValueError("Désolé la banque ne fait pas crédit") 
        self.__solde -= somme 
 
    def __repr__(self): 
        print(f"Compte numero {self.numeroCompte}") 
        print(f"Client: {self.nom}") 
        print(f"Solde: {self.solde} euros")

import random

class CompteBancaire:
    def __init__(self, nom, solde):
        self.__numeroCompte = 100000+random.randint(0,100000)
        self.__nom = nom
        self.__solde = solde
        self.__cotitulaires = []
        self.__decouvertAutorise = 0

    @property
    def numeroCompte(self):
        return self.__numeroCompte

    @property
    def nom(self):
        return self.__nom

    @property
    def solde(self):
        return self.__solde

    @property
    def titulaires(self):
        return [self.nom] + self.__cotitulaires

    @property
    def decouvertAutorise(self):
        return self.__decouvertAutorise

    @decouvertAutorise.setter
    def decouvertAutorise(self, somme):
        self.__decouvertAutorise = somme

    def versement(self, somme):
        self.__solde += somme

    def retrait(self, somme):
        if self.__solde < somme:
            if abs(self.__solde - somme) > self.decouvertAutorise:
                raise ValueError("Désolé la banque ne fait pas crédit")
        self.__solde -= somme
        self.appliquerFrais()

    def appliquerFrais(self):
        if self.__solde < 0:
            self.__solde -= 0.05*abs(self.__solde) 

    def __repr__(self):
        s = f"Compte numero {self.numeroCompte}\n"
        s += f"{'Titulaire' if not self.__cotitulaires else 'Titulaires'}: {', '.join(self.titulaires)}\n"
        s += f"Solde: {self.solde} euros\n"
        return s
        
    def ajouterTitulaire(self, nom):
        self.__cotitulaires.append(nom)

    
if __name__ == "__main__":
    cpte = CompteBancaire("Martin", 5000)
    assert cpte.numeroCompte
    assert cpte.solde == 5000
    assert cpte.nom == "Martin"
    cpte.ajouterTitulaire("Olivia")
    assert cpte.titulaires == ["Martin", "Olivia"]
    cpte.versement(3000)
    assert cpte.solde == 8000
    cpte.retrait(4000)
    assert cpte.solde == 4000
    assert cpte.decouvertAutorise == 0
    try:
        cpte.retrait(5000)
    except ValueError:
        assert True
    else:
        assert False
    cpte.decouvertAutorise = 1000
    assert cpte.decouvertAutorise == 1000
    cpte.retrait(4500)
    assert cpte.solde == -500-(0.05*500)
    cpte.retrait(300)
    assert cpte.solde == -825-(0.05*825)
    cpte.versement(3000)
    assert cpte.solde == 2133.75

class Animal:
    ...

    def __str__(self):
        return f"Je suis un {self.type} {self.état}."


>>> gros_minet=Animal("chat", "noir")
>>> gros_minet.état="agressif"
>>> print(gros_minet)
'Je suis un chat agressif.'
>>>