Light Emission and Light Quanta (Photons)

M. Rocha

Physics 2B

Electromagnetic Waves

Oscillating charges create oscillating magnetic fields, which in turn create oscillating electric fields 

The result are oscillating electric and magnetic fields that regenerate each other while traveling on space

Electromagnetic Wave Production (Classical)

Electromagnetic Waves are produced by accelerating or oscillating charges

Can you produce light with an antenna?

According to classical theory you could

In practice this is a challenge that no one has successfully achieved (still under active research)

In order to create EM waves with wavelength                              you would need an antenna of  length                                      ,

and an oscillating current with a frequency 

\lambda = 700 \ nm
L \sim \lambda / 2 = 350nm
f \sim 10^{15} \ Hz

So how is light produced?

We already know that objects emit light via black-body radiation if their temperatures are high enough

Does temperature accelerates charges like tiny antennas and produce light in a classical way?

The Ultraviolet Catastrophe

When trying to explain black-body radiation as just electromagnetic energy produced by accelerating charges due to temperature, Rayleigh ran into the ultraviolet catastrophe

Infinite energy at high frequencies (short wavelengths)!

The ultraviolet catastrophe was solved by Max Planck.  Assuming that EM radiation was emitted in discrete packets (quanta) Plank was able to explain black-body radiation

Light Quanta

h = \mathrm{Planck's \ Constant} = 4.14 \times 10^{-15} eV \cdot s
\mathrm{Energy \ Chunks} = \mathrm{Planck's \ Constant} \times \mathrm{Frequency}

Plank's found the emission of radiation is quantized, meaning that radiation energy can only be transferred in chunks of size:

E = h f = h \frac{c}{\lambda}
1 eV = 1.6 \times 10^{-19} Joules

The Photon

Not too long after Planck's discovery Einstein introduced the concept of the photon to explain the photoelectric effect 

Text

Light is emitted and absorbed in packets called photons. The photon energy is proportional to the frequency of light and given by E = hf

Text

So, is light made out of particles or waves?

And let the weirdness of the quantum world begin!

The Wave-Particle Duality

In the quantum world (the universe at sub-atomic scales) not just light but matter and energy must be explained as both, particles and waves

In Einstein's Words:

It seems as though we must use sometimes the one theory and sometimes the other, while at times we may use either. We are faced with a new kind of difficulty. We have two contradictory pictures of reality; separately neither of them fully explains the phenomena of light, but together they do.

Checkpoint 1

What is the wavelength of a photon with                             ?

A violet photon!

E = h f, \ f = \frac{c}{\lambda}
c = 3 \times 10^{8} \ m/s
E = 3 \ eV
\lambda = \frac{h c}{E} = \frac{(4.14 \times 10^{-15} eV\cdot s) (3 \times 10^8 m/s)}{3 eV} \\ = 4.14 \times 10^{-7} m = 414 \times 10^{-9} m = 414 \ nm
h = 4.14 \times 10^{-15} eV \cdot s
\Rightarrow E = h \frac{c}{\lambda}

Light Emission

Charged particle or Photon

Atoms emit light when their electrons change from higher energy levels to lower energy levels

A photon is emitted when an electron gets de-excited

The Atom

Early 20th-century model 

Current model 

 Atomic Energy Levels

Explanation of Quantized Energy Levels 

Electrons can only be at discrete energy levels (orbit radius), because the circumference of their orbit has to be an integer number of their wavelength in order to form standing waves, otherwise the experience destructive interference

In 1924 Louis de Broglie's suggested that electrons have a wavelength. This explained the quantized energy levels of atoms 

Atomic Energy Levels

Electrons can only be at discrete energy levels (orbit radius), so that the circumference of their orbit is an integer number of their  wavelength 

 Atomic Energy Levels

Different atoms have different radius (potential energy) and thus different energy levels for their electrons

Emission Spectrum

If you disperse the light emitted by specific elements, you would get a characteristic spectrum for each element

Each element has a different emission spectrum, which can be thought as the signature of that element

Emission Spectrum

Each element has a  different emission spectrum, which can be thought as the signature of that element

Checkpoint 2

On the emission spectrum of Hydrogen there is visible line at 660 nm, what is the energy of the photons producing this line ?

E = h f = h \frac{c}{\lambda}
c = 3 \times 10^{8} \ m/s
E = 4.14 \times 10^{-15} \ eV \frac{3 \times 10^8 \ m/s}{6.6 \times 10^{-7} \ m} = 1.9 eV
h = 4.14 \times 10^{-15} eV \cdot s

660 nm

Mostly hydrogen (Pinkish Color)

Hydrogen Spectrum

Planetary nebula are metal rich (Many Colors)

Hourglass Nebula

Ring Nebula

Absorption Spectrum

If electrons in an atom get excited by light, they absorb photons at the same specific frequencies as they would emit when de-excited 

Fluorescence

Fluorescence happens when electrons de-excite in energy steps smaller than when they got excited

Fluorescence Lamps

In fluorescence lamps first mercury atoms get excited and emit mostly UV photons when de-excited. Then those UV photons excite phosphor atoms in the coating. Phosphor atoms de-excite in smaller steps (fluorescence) producing lower frequency light. The combination of high frequency photons from the mercury and low frequency photons from the phosphor is white light  

Phosphorescence

Phosphorescence happens when electrons are boosted into higher energy levels and become "stuck". As a result, there is a time delay between the processes of excitation and de-excitation

The element phosphorus is used in a variety glow in the dark materials

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

An LED Chip consists of two semiconductors, one with loose electrons and the other with "holes"

When a voltage is applied, electrons cross the barrier, fall in the holes and emit light

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER)