Motivation
Geography: King County, WA
Design
Financial Assistance
Financial Assistance + Case Management
Treatment Arms
(631 people who are not homeless)
Housing Support, Help Generating Income, Emotional Support
Empirical Results # 1
Case Management increases likelihood
"We conclude that case management did not, on average, improve housing stability significantly beyond any effect of financial assistance alone."
Takeaway
"We find evidence that case management leads to positive outcomes when it is more intensive and worse outcomes when it causes financial assistance to be delayed."
Empirical Results # 2
YFHPI Intervention
Sample Eligibility
Not Eligible
for Support
Eligible
for Support
Eligible and receive Case Management
Assessment Score
"Imminent risk is the most difficult criterion to measure"
"People scoring as low risk (< 15) are ineligible for YFHPI. People scoring as high risk (> 28) were excluded from the study because the implementing organizations had ethical concerns about assigning them to a study arm that did not include case management."
Sample Construction
Eligible for Support
Do you want financial support & Case Management
Yes
No
Randomized Case Management
Given Case Management
Case Managers
"Case managers typically deliver within one or two weeks"
Funds Only Group
"Financial assistance for that group could take many weeks to disburse, and case managers `sometimes delayed payment to see if case management might solve the client's financial problems or if other sources of financial support could be
obtained.'"
Case Management Group
Interpretation
For those families and individuals who prioritize immediate financial assistance over case management
At one level, we're comparing the impact of an offer of case management.
But it's not holding financial assistance fixed and varying the offer of financial assistance
What "Jumps" out?
Funds
Service Hours
Distribution
Empirical Results #1
Indicator for homeless program use
Case Management
Controls
Text
- Emergency Shelter
- Street Outreach
- Coordinated Entry
- Long-term Subsidy
Regression Specification
Pre-outcome
Housing Loss Expected
Previously Homeless
Number of Children
Age
Gender
Race
Child with Dissability
Month
Homeless Services
"Case manager referrals might particularly lead to increases in generous long-term subsidies, though the increased contact with street outreach is more difficult to account for by direct referrals."
Eviction Filings
Some households are already in the eviction process at the time of random assignment, so they have a judgement in the post period but not the filing
Address Changes
Consider
We should not interpret both of these coefficients as causal. Conceptually, it doesn't make sense to have multiple causal variables
It can be really hard to implement a high quality RCT in this context
"Little is known about whether programs that offer case management services as well as financial assistance are more effective at preventing homelessness than programs that offer only cash."
Recall the initial motivation
Cannot answer this question by comparing mean outcomes between treated and control groups
"We observe two facts that are consistent with strong external validity of our main results."
Fact #1
"In our study sample, the equivalent value is 1.6% at 6
months (and 2.6% at 12 months)"
Fact #2
"In a case review prior to this study, case managers stated that 59% of their clients would prefer to receive just financial assistance but the state thought that only 20% could manage without case management."
These are intended to be helpful to students reading the paper
"In practice, the database records few individuals with risk scores too low to qualify for the program because case managers save time by informally screening low-risk people out prior to taking the assessment."
Comment
"Case management hours are more difficult to verify, and conversations with case managers suggest that they under-report case management hours due to the burden of record-keeping"
"Case manager referrals might particularly lead to increases in generous long-term subsidies, though the increased contact with street outreach is more difficult to account for by direct referrals."
Comment
"First, case management hours and funding rates are largely uncorrelated"
Comment