Jeff Taylor

How To Tune A Multi-Terabyte Database For Optimum Performance

ABOUT ME

Jeff Taylor
Data/Software Architect
SQL Server Since SQL 6.5
24+ years working with Microsoft SQL Server
President of Jacksonville SQL Server Users Group
Contact: Jeff@ReviewMyDB.com, @reviewmydb
Blog: https://blog.reviewmydb.com

Questions

What is your role (How many DBA's)?
What Versions of SQL Server are you using in Production?
What Editions of SQL Server are you using in Production?

Problems Encountered

Queries take minutes to run, hours for processes to finish, application timeouts extended.
Databases so large, index maintenance cannot be finished nightly, let alone started
New Indexes take 4-8 hours to create on one table with billions of records.
Full backups take 12+ hours
Database log mode kept in Simple mode due to transaction log backups not being able to keep up
Using nested Virtual Hard Drives for data in a VM Host VHD

First things First

Hire a DBA
Preferably one who knows servers and storage (SANs)
Move to Enterprise Edition

Agenda

Assess/Test Network/Server/Database Configuration.
Determine What Kind of Data You Have.
Determine Queries and Filters Used.
Review and Adjust Data Types.
Data Types/Data Sizes.
Moving/Fixing Data.
Cleanup

Would you rather use This?

Or This?

Would you rather use This?

Or This?

Would you rather use This?

Or This?

Or better yeT?

First we need better design

First we need better design

Assess and Test Current System
Infrastructure Design
Data Types
Logical Separation/Physical Location

Measure Throughput

SQL Server File IO Per DB

WITH Agg_IO_Stats
AS
(
  SELECT
    DB_NAME(database_id) AS database_name,
    CAST(SUM(num_of_bytes_read + num_of_bytes_written) / 1048576 / 1024.
         AS DECIMAL(12, 2)) AS io_in_gb
  FROM sys.dm_io_virtual_file_stats(NULL, NULL) AS DM_IO_Stats
  GROUP BY database_id
),
Rank_IO_Stats
AS
(
  SELECT
    ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY io_in_gb DESC) AS row_num,
    database_name,
    io_in_gb,
    CAST(io_in_gb / SUM(io_in_gb) OVER() * 100
         AS DECIMAL(5, 2)) AS pct
  FROM Agg_IO_Stats
)
SELECT R1.row_num, R1.database_name, R1.io_in_gb, R1.pct,
  SUM(R2.pct) AS run_pct
FROM Rank_IO_Stats AS R1
  JOIN Rank_IO_Stats AS R2
    ON R2.row_num <= R1.row_num
GROUP BY R1.row_num, R1.database_name, R1.io_in_gb, R1.pct
ORDER BY R1.row_num;

Measure Throughput

SQL Server File IO Per DB

Latency Per DB File

SQL Server Latetency Per File

SELECT
    --virtual file latency
    [ReadLatency] =
        CASE WHEN [num_of_reads] = 0
            THEN 0 ELSE ([io_stall_read_ms] / [num_of_reads]) END,
    [WriteLatency] =
        CASE WHEN [num_of_writes] = 0
            THEN 0 ELSE ([io_stall_write_ms] / [num_of_writes]) END,
    [Latency] =
        CASE WHEN ([num_of_reads] = 0 AND [num_of_writes] = 0)
            THEN 0 ELSE ([io_stall] / ([num_of_reads] + [num_of_writes])) END,
    --avg bytes per IOP
    [AvgBPerRead] =
        CASE WHEN [num_of_reads] = 0
            THEN 0 ELSE ([num_of_bytes_read] / [num_of_reads]) END,
    [AvgBPerWrite] =
        CASE WHEN [io_stall_write_ms] = 0
            THEN 0 ELSE ([num_of_bytes_written] / [num_of_writes]) END,
    [AvgBPerTransfer] =
        CASE WHEN ([num_of_reads] = 0 AND [num_of_writes] = 0)
            THEN 0 ELSE
                (([num_of_bytes_read] + [num_of_bytes_written]) /
                ([num_of_reads] + [num_of_writes])) END,
    LEFT ([mf].[physical_name], 2) AS [Drive],
    DB_NAME ([vfs].[database_id]) AS [DB],
    --[vfs].*,
    [mf].[physical_name]
FROM
    sys.dm_io_virtual_file_stats (NULL,NULL) AS [vfs]
JOIN sys.master_files AS [mf]
    ON [vfs].[database_id] = [mf].[database_id]
    AND [vfs].[file_id] = [mf].[file_id]
ORDER BY [WriteLatency] DESC;
GO

Latency Per DB File

SQL Server Latetency Per File

Measure Throughput

Crystal Disk Mark

Initial Server Results

Sequential 1 MB 8 threads 1 process

Sequential 1MB 1 thread 1 process

Random 4k 32 processes 1 thread

Random 4k 1 thread 1 thread

Measure Throughput

Crystal Disk Mark

My Laptop Results

Sequential 1 MB 8 threads 1 process

Sequential 1MB 1 thread 1 process

Random 4k 32 processes 16 threads

Random 4k 1 thread 1 thread

Measure Throughput

Crystal Disk Mark

Comparison - Initial Server vs. My Laptop

Measure Throughput

Crystal Disk Mark

Server After Upgrades

Measure Throughput

Crystal Disk Mark

Comparison - Initial Server vs. After Adjustments

Measure Throughput

diskspd - (formally sqlio) - Before Test - Reads 64k

Command Line: diskspd -b64K -d300 -o32 -t10 -h -r -w0 -L -Z1G -c20G M:\test.dat

Input parameters:

	timespan:   1
	-------------
	duration: 300s
	warm up time: 5s
	cool down time: 0s
	measuring latency
	random seed: 0
	path: 'M:\test.dat'
		think time: 0ms
		burst size: 0
		software cache disabled
		hardware write cache disabled, writethrough on
		write buffer size: 1073741824
		performing read test
		block size: 65536
		using random I/O (alignment: 65536)
		number of outstanding I/O operations: 32
		thread stride size: 0
		threads per file: 10
		using I/O Completion Ports
		IO priority: normal

Measure Throughput

diskspd - (formally sqlio) - Before Test - 64K Reads

Read IO
thread |       bytes     |     I/Os     |    MiB/s   |  I/O per s |  AvgLat  | LatStdDev |  file
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     0 |      3436183552 |        52432 |      10.92 |     174.77 |  182.901 |   882.749 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
     1 |      3441950720 |        52520 |      10.94 |     175.07 |  182.813 |   879.862 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
     2 |      3442933760 |        52535 |      10.94 |     175.12 |  183.085 |   879.030 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
     3 |      3436445696 |        52436 |      10.92 |     174.79 |  183.459 |   883.685 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
     4 |      3442606080 |        52530 |      10.94 |     175.10 |  182.791 |   876.278 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
     5 |      3439525888 |        52483 |      10.93 |     174.94 |  182.975 |   890.304 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
     6 |      3437494272 |        52452 |      10.93 |     174.84 |  183.032 |   890.014 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
     7 |      3438608384 |        52469 |      10.93 |     174.90 |  182.996 |   882.304 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
     8 |      3440115712 |        52492 |      10.94 |     174.97 |  183.638 |   890.562 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
     9 |      3440115712 |        52492 |      10.94 |     174.97 |  182.891 |   877.021 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
total:       34395979776 |       524841 |     109.34 |    1749.47 |  183.058 |   883.195

Measure Throughput

diskspd - (formally sqlio) - After Test - 64k Reads

Command Line: diskspd -b64K -d300 -o32 -t10 -h -r -w0 -L -Z1G -c20G J:\test.dat

Input parameters:

	timespan:   1
	-------------
	duration: 300s
	warm up time: 5s
	cool down time: 0s
	measuring latency
	random seed: 0
	path: 'J:\test.dat'
		think time: 0ms
		burst size: 0
		software cache disabled
		hardware write cache disabled, writethrough on
		write buffer size: 1073741824
		performing read test
		block size: 65536
		using random I/O (alignment: 65536)
		number of outstanding I/O operations: 32
		thread stride size: 0
		threads per file: 10
		using I/O Completion Ports
		IO priority: normal

Measure Throughput

diskspd - (formally sqlio) - After Test - 64k Reads

Read IO
thread |       bytes     |     I/Os     |    MiB/s   |  I/O per s |  AvgLat  | LatStdDev |  file
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     0 |     69446729728 |      1059673 |     220.74 |    3531.88 |    9.055 |    11.633 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
     1 |     80267247616 |      1224781 |     255.14 |    4082.18 |    7.837 |     7.692 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
     2 |     79802073088 |      1217683 |     253.66 |    4058.52 |    7.883 |     8.170 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
     3 |     79711305728 |      1216298 |     253.37 |    4053.91 |    7.892 |     7.596 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
     4 |     11169824768 |       170438 |      35.50 |     568.07 |   55.935 |   403.657 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
     5 |     80384884736 |      1226576 |     255.51 |    4088.16 |    7.825 |     6.320 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
     6 |     80713220096 |      1231586 |     256.55 |    4104.86 |    7.794 |     7.703 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
     7 |     10342301696 |       157811 |      32.87 |     525.98 |   60.756 |   198.219 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
     8 |     81465507840 |      1243065 |     258.94 |    4143.12 |    7.722 |     5.959 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
     9 |       403767296 |         6161 |       1.28 |      20.53 | 1570.195 |  2666.786 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
total:      573706862592 |      8754072 |    1823.58 |   29177.21 |   10.964 |   103.685

Measure Throughput

diskspd - (formally sqlio) - Before Test - 64k Writes

Command Line: diskspd -b64K -d300 -o32 -t10 -h -r -w100 -L -Z1G -c20G M:\test.dat

Input parameters:

	timespan:   1
	-------------
	duration: 300s
	warm up time: 5s
	cool down time: 0s
	measuring latency
	random seed: 0
	path: 'M:\test.dat'
		think time: 0ms
		burst size: 0
		software cache disabled
		hardware write cache disabled, writethrough on
		write buffer size: 1073741824
		performing write test
		block size: 65536
		using random I/O (alignment: 65536)
		number of outstanding I/O operations: 32
		thread stride size: 0
		threads per file: 10
		using I/O Completion Ports
		IO priority: normal

Measure Throughput

diskspd - (formally sqlio) - Before Test - 64k Writes

Write IO
thread |       bytes     |     I/Os     |    MiB/s   |  I/O per s |  AvgLat  | LatStdDev |  file
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     0 |      2722496512 |        41542 |       8.65 |     138.47 |  231.917 |    45.290 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
     1 |      2722693120 |        41545 |       8.66 |     138.48 |  231.933 |    45.672 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
     2 |      2723217408 |        41553 |       8.66 |     138.51 |  231.896 |    45.642 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
     3 |      2723217408 |        41553 |       8.66 |     138.51 |  231.891 |    45.729 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
     4 |      2721775616 |        41531 |       8.65 |     138.43 |  231.934 |    45.574 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
     5 |      2722234368 |        41538 |       8.65 |     138.46 |  231.977 |    45.615 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
     6 |      2723282944 |        41554 |       8.66 |     138.51 |  231.900 |    45.705 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
     7 |      2722889728 |        41548 |       8.66 |     138.49 |  231.897 |    45.448 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
     8 |      2723020800 |        41550 |       8.66 |     138.50 |  231.919 |    45.629 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
     9 |      2721579008 |        41528 |       8.65 |     138.42 |  232.005 |    45.789 | M:\test.dat (20GiB)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
total:       27226406912 |       415442 |      86.55 |    1384.79 |  231.927 |    45.609

Measure Throughput

diskspd - (formally sqlio) - After Test - 64k Writes

Command Line: diskspd -b64K -d300 -o32 -t10 -h -r -w100 -L -Z1G -c20G J:\test.dat

Input parameters:

	timespan:   1
	-------------
	duration: 300s
	warm up time: 5s
	cool down time: 0s
	measuring latency
	random seed: 0
	path: 'J:\test.dat'
		think time: 0ms
		burst size: 0
		software cache disabled
		hardware write cache disabled, writethrough on
		write buffer size: 1073741824
		performing write test
		block size: 65536
		using random I/O (alignment: 65536)
		number of outstanding I/O operations: 32
		thread stride size: 0
		threads per file: 10
		using I/O Completion Ports
		IO priority: normal

Measure Throughput

diskspd - (formally sqlio) - After Test - 64k Writes

Write IO
thread |       bytes     |     I/Os     |    MiB/s   |  I/O per s |  AvgLat  | LatStdDev |  file
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     0 |     10689511424 |       163109 |      33.98 |     543.68 |   58.842 |    55.344 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
     1 |     10661265408 |       162678 |      33.89 |     542.25 |   58.982 |    61.204 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
     2 |     10862985216 |       165756 |      34.53 |     552.51 |   57.889 |    47.318 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
     3 |     10706419712 |       163367 |      34.03 |     544.54 |   58.736 |    59.966 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
     4 |     10694164480 |       163180 |      33.99 |     543.92 |   58.814 |    51.372 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
     5 |     10790567936 |       164651 |      34.30 |     548.82 |   58.263 |    57.034 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
     6 |     10759634944 |       164179 |      34.20 |     547.25 |   58.445 |    59.746 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
     7 |     10420158464 |       158999 |      33.12 |     529.98 |   60.330 |    61.604 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
     8 |     10647830528 |       162473 |      33.85 |     541.56 |   59.015 |    70.884 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
     9 |     10049814528 |       153348 |      31.95 |     511.15 |   62.517 |    61.650 | J:\test.dat (20GiB)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
total:      106282352640 |      1621740 |     337.85 |    5405.66 |   59.157 |    58.894

Measure Throughput

diskspd - (formally sqlio) - Comparison 64k

Read Random 64k IO
thread    |       bytes     |     I/Os     |    MiB/s   |  I/O per s |  AvgLat  | LatStdDev
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Before total:   34395979776 |       524,841 |     109.34 |    1749.47 |  183.058 |   883.195
After total:   573706862592 |     8,754,072 |   1,823.58 |  29,177.21 |   10.964 |   103.685

Write Random 64k IO
thread 	  |       bytes     |     I/Os     |    MiB/s   |  I/O per s |  AvgLat  | LatStdDev
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Before total:   27226406912 |       415,442 |      86.55 |    1,384.79 |  231.927 |    45.609
After total:   106282352640 |     1,621,740 |     337.85 |    5,405.66 |   59.157 |    58.894

Read Sequential 64k IO
thread 	  |       bytes     |     I/Os     |    MiB/s   |  I/O per s |  AvgLat  | LatStdDev
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Before total:   51745456128 |       789,573 |     164.49 |    2,631.90 |  121.740 |   324.619
After total:   558304985088 |     8,519,058 |   1,774.71 |   2,8395.44 |   11.227 |   116.484

Write Sequential 64k IO
thread 	  |       bytes     |     I/Os     |    MiB/s   |  I/O per s |  AvgLat  | LatStdDev
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Before total:   20625096704 |       314,714 |      65.57 |    1,049.05 |  304.779 |   158.935
After total:    89771278336 |     1,369,801 |     285.37 |    4,565.85 |   70.075 |   174.488

Measure Throughput

diskspd - (formally sqlio) - Comparison 8k

Read Random 8k IO
thread    |       bytes     |     I/Os     |   MiB/s    |  I/O per s  |  AvgLat  | LatStdDev
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Before total:    5604122624 |      684,097 |      17.81 |    2,280.32 |  140.317 |    26.689
After total:   417648984064 |   50,982,542 |   1,327.67 |  169,942.24 |    1.881 |    19.345

Write Random 8k IO
thread 	  |       bytes     |     I/Os     |   MiB/s    |  I/O per s  |  AvgLat  | LatStdDev
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Before total:    4747075584 |      579,477 |      15.09 |    1,931.58 |  165.717 |   107.243
After total:    25027559424 |    3,055,122 |      79.56 |   10,183.72 |   31.420 |    11.481

Read Sequential 8k IO
thread 	  |       bytes     |     I/Os     |   MiB/s    |  I/O per s  |  AvgLat  | LatStdDev
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Before total:    9096527872 |    1,110,416 |      28.92 |    3,701.38 |   86.442 |    16.131
After total:   404835688448 |   49,418,419 |   1,286.94 |  16,4728.37 |    1.941 |    15.316

Write Sequential 8k IO
thread 	  |       bytes     |     I/Os     |   MiB/s    |  I/O per s  |  AvgLat  | LatStdDev
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Before total:    6630064128 |      809,334 |      21.08 |    2,697.77 |  118.605 |    21.490
After total:    24726937600 |    3,018,425 |      78.60 |   10,061.40 |   31.803 |    10.447

Verify Network Setup

Do you have Multi-Path Setup from SAN To Host or SAN to Physical?
What is your connection speed from your server/host to SAN?
1GB?
8GB?
10GB?
25GB?
40GB?
100GB?
Connections X Bandwidth = more throughput

Verify Network Setup

Are Jumbo Frames Enabled?

Drive Configuration

Are your Data drives formatted in 64k blocks?

fsutil fsinfo ntfsInfo D:

Drive Configuration

Are your Log drives formatted in 8k blocks?

fsutil fsinfo ntfsInfo L:

Drive Configuration

Disk Partition Alignment Best Practices for SQL Server - https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/sql/sql-server-2008/dd758814(v=sql.100)

Disk performance may be slower than expected when you use multiple disks - https://docs.microsoft.com/en-US/troubleshoot/windows-server/performance/disk-performance-slower-multiple-disks

Disk Offset
20-30% performance enhancement fixing offset

Drive Configuration

For older OS, is your drive alignment correct? - Consult your SAN best practices

wmic partition get BlockSize, StartingOffset, Name, Index

Know Your DATA

Inserting, Updating, Deleting (CRUD) OLTP
Insert Only (i.e. Logging)
Does it make sense to Partition?
Data Warehouse

How do you query and or filter your data?

If partitioning, what column makes sense? Primary Key Id? Datetime?
Date
Bit (Active? Unfulfilled?)
Int (Identifier, Status)
Are you using your clustered keys in queries and are your indexes supporting your queries?

Data Retention - Partioning

Do you really need 2.5+ billion records in that table?
Determine your retention periods (1 year? 2 years? 7 years?)
Does all of the data need to be on hot storage?
Determine your typical searching range. Month, Quarter, Year)
Based on number of records per period may also determine partitioning structure.

Does your application/database use any unicode characters?

nchar
nvarchar
ntext

(n Stands for National Language)

Does your database use TEXt/NText/Image?

They are Deprecated!
Move the data to a new varchar(max)/varbinary(max) column.
Just changing the data type won't help performance or space savings. I tried!

Is there a size difference between nvarchar vs. varchar?

nvarchar uses 2 bytes (or more) per character
varchar uses 1 byte per character

DECLARE @test1 NVARCHAR(4000), @test2 VARCHAR(4000),
@test1size BIGINT,  @test2size BIGINT;

SET @test1 = 'My Text Data Test';
SET @test2 = 'My Text Data Test';
SET @test1size = DATALENGTH(@test1)
SET @test2size = DATALENGTH(@test2)

SELECT
	DATALENGTH(@test1) AS Test1
	,DATALENGTH(@test2) AS Test2
	,FORMAT(@test1size * 600000000,'###,###') AS Test1SizeBytes
	,FORMAT(@test2size * 600000000,'###,###') AS Test2SizeBytes
	,FORMAT((@test1size * 600000000)/1024/1024,'###,###') AS Test1SizeMB
	,FORMAT((@test2size * 600000000)/1024/1024,'###,###') AS Test2SizeMB
	,FORMAT((@test1size * 600000000)/1024/1024/1024,'###,###') AS Test1SizeGB
	,FORMAT((@test2size * 600000000)/1024/1024/1024,'###,###') AS Test2SizeGB

Size Difference

Datetime & Datetime2 Difference

Datetime - 8 Bytes, Accuracy Rounded to increments of .000, .003, or .007 seconds
Datetime2(#) - 0 to 7 digits, with an accuracy of 100ns.

The default precision is 7 digits.
6 bytes for precisions less than 3
7 bytes for precisions 3 and 4.
All other precisions require 8 bytes.

Data Size

DECLARE @test1 DATETIME, @test2 DATETIME2(0), @test3 DATETIME2(3), @test1size BIGINT,
@test2size BIGINT, @test3size BIGINT, @samedt DATETIME;

SET @samedt = GETDATE();
SET @test1 = @samedt; 
SET @test2 = @samedt; 
SET @test3 = @samedt;
SET @test1size = DATALENGTH(@test1); 
SET @test2size = DATALENGTH(@test2); 
SET @test3size = DATALENGTH(@test3);

SELECT
	@test1, @test2, @test3, 
        DATALENGTH(@test1) AS Test1,
        DATALENGTH(@test2) AS Test2,
		DATALENGTH(@test3) AS Test3
SELECT
	FORMAT((@test1size * 600000000)/1024/1024,'###,###') AS Test1SizeMB
	,FORMAT((@test2size * 600000000)/1024/1024,'###,###') AS Test2SizeMB
	,FORMAT((@test3size * 600000000)/1024/1024,'###,###') AS Test3SizeMB
	,FORMAT((@test1size * 600000000)/1024/1024/1024,'###,###') AS Test1SizeGB
	,FORMAT((@test2size * 600000000)/1024/1024/1024,'###,###') AS Test2SizeGB
	,FORMAT((@test3size * 600000000)/1024/1024/1024,'###,###') AS Test3SizeGB

Table Data Size Example

CreatedDatetime - 8 vs. 6
ModifiedDatetime - 8 vs. 6
OrderDate - 8 vs. 6 (or 3)
FullfilledDate - 8 vs. 6 (or 3)
ReturnDate - 8 vs. 6 (or 3)
nvarchar - 8000 vs. 4000

5 Datetime Columns = 20GB down to 10 or 5GB
1 nvarchar to varchar column 4TB to 2TB
Per Table!
Save on space, backup, restore time and bytes transfered.

1 Table with 600 million Rows

Instant File INITIALIZATION

Before data migration turn on Instant File Initialization for the service and group/account which is executing the scripts, or be in the administrative group when creating the filegroups.
Why? Speed up file growth on disk. Doesn't zero write-out files. It will affect query performance. You may see long wait latches on page allocations during growth.
It will also speed up restoring databases

Instant File INITIALIZATION

Check to see if it is already enabled

SELECT
    servicename AS Service_Display_Name,
    service_account AS Service_Account,
    instant_file_initialization_enabled
FROM
    sys.dm_server_services
WHERE
    servicename LIKE 'SQL Server (%';

Instant File INITIALIZATION

Local Security Policy

Instant File INITIALIZATION

Local Administrative Group

Create File Groups

File Group for Data - FGData
File Group for Indexes - FGIndexes
File Group for Blob Data - FGBlob
Partition File Groups - (Examples: PSMonth201610, PSYear2016, PSMonthly90)
Change Default File Group to FGData for new objects.

Create File Groups

USE [master]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILEGROUP [FGBlob]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILEGROUP [FGData]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILEGROUP [FGIndexes]
GO

USE [TeraData]
GO
IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sys.filegroups 
        WHERE is_default=1 AND name = N'FGData') 
    ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] 
        MODIFY FILEGROUP [FGData] DEFAULT
GO

Create File Groups

Create Files

Create at least one file for each file group. - Place on separate drives.

USE [master]
GO

ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = 'TeraData_FGBlob', 
FILENAME = N'D:\Databases\TeraData_FGBlob.ndf' , 
SIZE = 8192KB , FILEGROWTH = 65536KB ) TO FILEGROUP [FGBlob]
GO

ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = 'TeraData_FGData', 
FILENAME = N'E:\Databases\TeraData_FGData.ndf' , 
SIZE = 8192KB , FILEGROWTH = 65536KB ) TO FILEGROUP [FGData]
GO

ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = 'TeraData_FGIndexes', 
FILENAME = N'F:\Databases\TeraData_FGIndexes.ndf' , 
SIZE = 8192KB , FILEGROWTH = 65536KB ) TO FILEGROUP [FGIndexes]
GO

Create Files

Partitioning

USE [TeraData]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILEGROUP [PG_Empty]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILEGROUP [PG_2017_10]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILEGROUP [PG_2017_11]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILEGROUP [PG_2017_12]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILEGROUP [PG_2018_01]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILEGROUP [PG_2018_02]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILEGROUP [PG_2018_03]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILEGROUP [PG_2018_04]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILEGROUP [PG_2018_05]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILEGROUP [PG_2018_06]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILEGROUP [PG_2018_07]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILEGROUP [PG_2018_08]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILEGROUP [PG_2018_09]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILEGROUP [PG_2018_10]
GO

Partitioning

USE [TeraData]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_PG_Empty',
FILENAME = N'C:\Files\Databases\TeraData_PG_Empty.ndf' , SIZE = 1MB, FILEGROWTH = 128MB) 
TO FILEGROUP [PG_Empty]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_PG_2017_10', 
FILENAME = N'C:\Files\Databases\TeraData_PG_2017_10.ndf' , SIZE = 1MB, FILEGROWTH = 128MB) 
TO FILEGROUP [PG_2017_10]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_PG_2017_11', 
FILENAME = N'C:\Files\Databases\TeraData_PG_2017_11.ndf' , SIZE = 1MB, FILEGROWTH = 128MB) 
TO FILEGROUP [PG_2017_11]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_PG_2017_12', 
FILENAME = N'C:\Files\Databases\TeraData_PG_2017_12.ndf' , SIZE = 1MB, FILEGROWTH = 128MB) 
TO FILEGROUP [PG_2017_12]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_PG_2018_01', 
FILENAME = N'C:\Files\Databases\TeraData_PG_2018_01.ndf' , SIZE = 1MB , FILEGROWTH = 128MB) 
TO FILEGROUP [PG_2018_01]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_PG_2018_02', 
FILENAME = N'C:\Files\Databases\TeraData_PG_2018_02.ndf', SIZE = 1MB, FILEGROWTH = 128MB) 
TO FILEGROUP [PG_2018_02]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_PG_2018_03', 
FILENAME = N'C:\Files\Databases\TeraData_PG_2018_03.ndf', SIZE = 1MB, FILEGROWTH = 128MB) 
TO FILEGROUP [PG_2018_03]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_PG_2018_04', 
FILENAME = N'C:\Files\Databases\TeraData_PG_2018_04.ndf', SIZE = 1MB, FILEGROWTH = 128MB) 
TO FILEGROUP [PG_2018_04]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_PG_2018_05', 
FILENAME = N'C:\Files\Databases\TeraData_PG_2018_05.ndf', SIZE = 1MB , FILEGROWTH = 128MB) 
TO FILEGROUP [PG_2018_05]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_PG_2018_06', 
FILENAME = N'C:\Files\Databases\TeraData_PG_2018_06.ndf', SIZE = 1MB , FILEGROWTH = 128MB) 
TO FILEGROUP [PG_2018_06]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_PG_2018_07', 
FILENAME = N'C:\Files\Databases\TeraData_PG_2018_07.ndf', SIZE = 1MB, FILEGROWTH = 128MB) 
TO FILEGROUP [PG_2018_07]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_PG_2018_08', 
FILENAME = N'C:\Files\Databases\TeraData_PG_2018_08.ndf', SIZE = 1MB, FILEGROWTH = 128MB) 
TO FILEGROUP [PG_2018_08]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_PG_2018_09', 
FILENAME = N'C:\Files\Databases\TeraData_PG_2018_09.ndf', SIZE = 1MB, FILEGROWTH = 128MB) 
TO FILEGROUP [PG_2018_09]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_PG_2018_10', 
FILENAME = N'C:\Files\Databases\TeraData_PG_2018_10.ndf', SIZE = 1MB, FILEGROWTH = 128MB) 
TO FILEGROUP [PG_2018_10]
GO

Partitioning

USE [TeraData]
GO
CREATE PARTITION FUNCTION [PF_Monthly](datetime) AS RANGE Right FOR VALUES (
N'2017-10-01',
N'2017-11-01',
N'2017-12-01',
N'2018-01-01',
N'2018-02-01',
N'2018-03-01',
N'2018-04-01',
N'2018-05-01',
N'2018-06-01',
N'2018-07-01',
N'2018-08-01',N'2018-09-01',N'2018-10-01')
GO
CREATE PARTITION SCHEME [PS_Monthly] AS PARTITION [PF_Monthly] TO (
[PG_Empty],
[PG_2017_10],
[PG_2017_11],
[PG_2017_12],
[PG_2018_01],
[PG_2018_02],
[PG_2018_03],
[PG_2018_04],
[PG_2018_05],
[PG_2018_06],
[PG_2018_07],
[PG_2018_08],[PG_2018_09],[PG_2018_10])
GO

Partitioning

USE [TeraData]
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[ErrorLog](
	[ErrorLogId] [INT] IDENTITY(-2147483648,1) NOT NULL,
	[PageName] [VARCHAR](200) NULL,
	[ErrorLabel] [VARCHAR](100) NULL,
	[CustomErrorMessage] [VARCHAR](200) NULL,
	[ExecutedDatetime] [DATETIME] NOT NULL,
	[ExecutionMessage] [VARCHAR](MAX) NULL,
	[CreatedDatetime] [DATETIME] NOT NULL,
	[ServerName] [VARCHAR](20) NULL,
	[ServerIPAddress] [VARCHAR](16) NULL,
 CONSTRAINT [PK_ErrorLog] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
(
	[ErrorLogId] ASC,
	[CreatedDatetime] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, 
ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON, DATA_COMPRESSION = PAGE) 
ON [PS_Monthly]([CreatedDatetime])
) ON [PS_Monthly]([CreatedDatetime])
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[ErrorLog] ADD  CONSTRAINT [DF_ErrorLog_CreatedDatetime]  
DEFAULT (GETDATE()) FOR [CreatedDatetime]
GO

More Performance

If greater performance is needed create multiple files per file group.
Place multiple files on multiple LUNS/Drives

Create Multiple Files

USE [master]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_FGBlob1', FILENAME = N'D:\Databases\TeraData_FGBlob1.ndf', 
SIZE = 8192KB , FILEGROWTH = 65536KB ) TO FILEGROUP [FGBlob]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_FGBlob2', FILENAME = N'E:\Databases\TeraData_FGBlob2.ndf', 
SIZE = 8192KB , FILEGROWTH = 65536KB ) TO FILEGROUP [FGBlob]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_FGBlob3', FILENAME = N'F:\Databases\TeraData_FGBlob3.ndf', 
SIZE = 8192KB , FILEGROWTH = 65536KB ) TO FILEGROUP [FGBlob]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_FGBlob4', FILENAME = N'G:\Databases\TeraData_FGBlob4.ndf', 
SIZE = 8192KB , FILEGROWTH = 65536KB ) TO FILEGROUP [FGBlob]
GO

ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_FGData1', FILENAME = N'G:\Databases\TeraData_FGData1.ndf', 
SIZE = 8192KB , FILEGROWTH = 65536KB ) TO FILEGROUP [FGData]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_FGData2', FILENAME = N'F:\Databases\TeraData_FGData2.ndf', 
SIZE = 8192KB , FILEGROWTH = 65536KB ) TO FILEGROUP [FGData]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_FGData3', FILENAME = N'E:\Databases\TeraData_FGData3.ndf', 
SIZE = 8192KB , FILEGROWTH = 65536KB ) TO FILEGROUP [FGData]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_FGData4', FILENAME = N'D:\Databases\TeraData_FGData4.ndf', 
SIZE = 8192KB , FILEGROWTH = 65536KB ) TO FILEGROUP [FGData]
GO

ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_FGIndexes1', FILENAME = N'D:\Databases\TeraData_FGIndexes1.ndf', 
SIZE = 8192KB , FILEGROWTH = 65536KB ) TO FILEGROUP [FGIndexes]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_FGIndexes2', FILENAME = N'E:\Databases\TeraData_FGIndexes2.ndf', 
SIZE = 8192KB , FILEGROWTH = 65536KB ) TO FILEGROUP [FGIndexes]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_FGIndexes3', FILENAME = N'F:\Databases\TeraData_FGIndexes3.ndf', 
SIZE = 8192KB , FILEGROWTH = 65536KB ) TO FILEGROUP [FGIndexes]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [TeraData] ADD FILE ( NAME = N'TeraData_FGIndexes4', FILENAME = N'G:\Databases\TeraData_FGIndexes4.ndf', 
SIZE = 8192KB , FILEGROWTH = 65536KB ) TO FILEGROUP [FGIndexes]
GO

Create Multiple Files

File Size

Pre-Grow Files - Attempt to determine size of new files, based on data size, index size and blob storage, so you don't have to have file growths during the data migration process.
Divide the total by however many files you end up selecting.

File Size

File Growth

Ensure all files in the filegroup have the same auto-growth setting.
If multiple files in one filegroup make sure you enabled the flag which distributes the data evenly between all files in a filegroup. Trace Flag T1117 (not required now in 2016 and newer).

File Growth

* note - Autogrow All Files Flag - Single User Mode

Do you have any heap tables?

Create clustered indexes on the heap tables. - Insure created on the correct new FGData Filegroup with compression if possible.

Moving Blob Data Types

You have to create a new table to relocate blob storage.

Create a new table.
Copy data to the new table.
Check table record counts.
Drop old table.
Rename the new table.
Create Indexes.

Moving data

If you have millions/billions of records, batching records to move may be appropriate. If you can schedule a maintenance window, perhaps use simple mode for faster performance as well.
Always batch by your clustered key for best performance.

Compression

Use Page Compression for Tables and Indexes
Use Columnstore compression for Data Warehouse or archive tables

63.1% Space Savings

89.7% Space Savings

Compression

Estimate compression for tables

EXEC sp_estimate_data_compression_savings 'dbo','Votes',NULL,NULL,'PAGE'
EXEC sp_estimate_data_compression_savings 'dbo','Votes',NULL,NULL,'COLUMNSTORE'
EXEC sp_estimate_data_compression_savings 'dbo','Votes',NULL,NULL,'COLUMNSTORE_ARCHIVE'

Estimation will also include indexes

Compression

When Building/Rebuilding Tables, and Clustered Indexes use Compression (DATA_COMPRESSION = PAGE) and place in FGData filegroup. Don't forget (TEXTIMAGE_ON FGBlob) for LOB
When Building/Rebuilding Non-clustered Indexes use Compression (DATA_COMPRESSION = PAGE) and place in FGIndexes filegroup
Columnstore is best for Archive/Log Tables - (DATA_COMPRESSION = COLUMNSTORE or DATA_COMPRESSION = COLUMNSTORE_ARCHIVE) and place in FGData filegroup
Sort In TempDB to minimize file bloat - SORT_IN_TEMPDB = ON
Don't use Fillfactor

Redistribute 1 to 4 files

If you end up needing more performance, you can add more files to each file group.

Your file groups are now lopsided.

There is a way to fix that.

USE [MyDatabase]
GO
DBCC SHRINKFILE (N'MyDatabase_FGIndexes' , EMPTYFILE)
GO

Redistribute 1 to 4 files

Fixing Data Types

Create new column.
Copy data to new column.
Check that values match 100% for column.
Drop old column.
Rename new column.

Shrink Primary

Shrink Primary File Group

USE [MyDatabase]
GO
DBCC SHRINKFILE (N'MyDatabase' , 0, TRUNCATEONLY)
GO

Shrink Primary

Overall Results

Overall database size cut in less than half original size using better data types (varchar, datetime2) (4TB to 1.55TB)
Overall database size down further to 1/3rd of the original size using Page/Columnstore Compression. (4TB down to 500GB)
Single file database file now spread across multiple LUNS/Disks with multiple (12) files reducing latency from 1,000+ms to less than 20ms.
Backup speed and restore speed cut in half. (Compression, data types, Instant File Initialization)
Throughput went from 200/300MBPS to over 2,000mbps (Multi-Path, Jumbo Frames, 1GB to 8GB Fiber/10GB/25GB/40GB Ethernet.)

Questions?

Resources

DateTime Data Types/Sizes
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms186724.aspx
nchar/nvarchar Data Types/Sizes
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms186939.aspx
text/ntext/image
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms187993.aspx

Contact

Email: Jeff@ReviewMyDB.com

Twitter: @ReviewMyDB

Blog: https://blog.reviewmydb.com