La linguistique expérimentale

sur le web

Conférences ISN

Sébastien Lerique / 16 mai 2018

Évolutions langagières

Google Books Ngrams Viewer

Les contenus évoluent

Le langage et les langues évoluent aussi (cf. Darwin, 1871)

Évolution des contenus

Évolution du langage

Diffusion & mutations sur Facebook

Biais cognitifs dans les substitutions dans des blogs

Structure des reformulations dans un « téléphone arabe » à grande échelle

Évolution du vocabulaire

Émergence de signes

Croisement perceptuel

Mémétique sur Facebook

Adamic et al. (2016)

Diffusion initiale

Forêt phylogénétique

Kroeber, 1943

Dawkins, 1976

Boyd & Richerson, 1988

Sperber, 1996

Adamic et al. (2016)

« No one should die because they cannot afford health care and no one should go broke because they get sick. If you agree please post this as your status for the rest of the day. »

Transformations dans la blogosphère

Corpus de citations tirées d'un grand nombre de billets de blog (8.5m)

Août '08 à avril '09 (Leskovec et al., 2009)

Groupes (et dynamique) des citations

Groupes 71.6k 45.7k
Citations 310k 128k
Occurrences 8.16m 2.43m

Complet

Nettoyé

McCain, Sénateur US :

  “I admire Senator Obama and his accomplishments”

  \(\rightarrow\) “I respect Senator Obama and his accomplishments”

Asif Ali Zardari, président pakistanais :

  “we will not be scared of these cowards”

  \(\rightarrow\) “we will not be afraid of these cowards”

Susceptibilité

\sigma_g = \frac{s_g}{s_g^0}
σg=sgsg0\sigma_g = \frac{s_g}{s_g^0}

“This crisis did not develop overnight and it will not be solved overnight”

Président Bush

Mots de remplacement

\nu_{\phi}(f) = \left<\phi(w')\right>_{\left\lbrace w \rightarrow w' | \phi(w) = f \right\rbrace}
νϕ(f)=<ϕ(w′)>{w→w′∣ϕ(w)=f}\nu_{\phi}(f) = \left<\phi(w')\right>_{\left\lbrace w \rightarrow w' | \phi(w) = f \right\rbrace}

“This crisis did not develop overnight and it will not be solved overnight”

Président Bush

“This problem did not develop overnight and it will not be solved overnight”

Reformulations type « téléphone arabe »

temps de lecture/écriture \(\propto\) nombre de mots

Le paradigme des chaînes de transmission

Modèle de transformations

At Dover, the finale of the bailiffs' convention. Their duties, said a speaker, are "delicate, dangerous, and insufficiently compensated."

depth in branch

At Dover, the finale of the bailiffs convention,their duty said a speaker are delicate, dangerous and detailed

At Dover, at a Bailiffs convention. a speaker said that their duty was to patience, and determination

In Dover, at a Bailiffs convention, the speaker said that their duty was to patience.

In Dover, at a Bailiffs Convention, the speak said their duty was to patience

At Dover, the finale of the bailiffs' convention. Their duties, said a speaker, are "delicate, dangerous, and insufficiently compensated."

At Dover, the finale of the bailiffs convention,their duty said a speaker are delicate, dangerous and detailed

Arbres de transformations

Grammaire de transformations

  Insertions

  Délétions

  Remplacements

  Échanges

Transformations sémantiques ?

Moussaïd et al. (2015)

\(\Rightarrow\) Réduire et décomposer la complexité de chaque composant en parallèle

Évolution du langage

Langage

Structure formelle

Chomsky, Wittgenstein \(\lt\) 1952, sémantique formelle/logique

Usage des formes

Millikan, Wittgenstein \(\geq\) 1952, énactivistes, réseaux neuronaux & apprentissage statistique

Interaction entre participants

Formes (signes)

Contexte

Évolution du vocabulaire

Tamariz (2017)

Cornish et al. (2013)

Fay et al. (2010)

Tamariz (2017)

Apprentissage itéré du langage

Émergence de signes

Alignement interactif

Galantucci (2005)

Croisement perceptuel

Version coopérative

Clic unique par session

De Jaegher et al. (2010)

Auvray et al. (2009)

Froese et al. (2014)

Interactions minimales auto-structurées

Conclusion

Linguistique expérimentale sur le web

Évolution des contenus

Évolution du langage

Régularités des transformations en chaînes de transmission

 

Mutations mémétiques

 

Substitutions cognitivement biaisées de mots individuels

Évolution du vocabulaire

 

Émergence de signes dans l'interaction

 

Croisements perceptuels menant à une interaction structurée

Complexité des transformations étudiées

Importance et simplicité de l'interaction

Contrôle du design expérimental

Flexibilité du recrutement des participants

Cycle court de collecte de données

Massivement interactif

Défis techniques

Contrôle du spam

Coût du recrutement

Données tirées du web

Expériences dans le navigateur

Merci

Direction & collaboration

Jean-Pierre Nadal & Camille Roth

Organisation

Inria & Académie de Grenoble

Discussion

Vous !

Substitution model

Time: continuous / discrete

Source: all / majority

Past: all / last bin

Destination: all / exclude past

Time: continuous / discrete

Source: all / majority

Past: all / last bin

Destination: all / exclude past

6177 substitutions

Sequence alignments

Needleman and Wunsch (1970)

AGAACT-
 | ||
-G-AC-G


AGAACT

GACG


Finding her son, Alvin, 69, hanged, Mrs Hunt, of Brighton, was so depressed she could not cut him down
Finding her son Arthur 69 hanged Mrs Brown from Brighton was so upset she could not cut him down
Finding her son Alvin  69 hanged Mrs Hunt of -     -    Brighton, was so depressed she could not cut him down
Finding her son Arthur 69 hanged Mrs -    -  Brown from Brighton was so upset she could not cut him down

Apply to utterances using NLP

At Dover, the finale of the bailiffs convention, their duty said a speaker are delicate, dangerous and detailed
At Dover, at a Bailiffs convention. a speaker said that their duty was to patience, and determination
At Dover the finale of the -  - bailiffs convention - -       -    -    their duty
At Dover -   -      -  -   at a Bailiffs convention a speaker said that their duty 


said a speaker are delicate dangerous -   -  -        and detailed -
-    - -       -   -        -         was to patience and -        determination
At Dover the finale of the -  - bailiffs convention |-Exchange-1------| their duty
At Dover -   -      -  -   at a Bailiffs convention a speaker said that their duty 


said a speaker are delicate dangerous -   -  -        and detailed -
|-Exchange-1------------------------| was to patience and -        determination
said a speaker are delicate dangerous |-E2----|
|E2| a speaker -   -        -         said that
said -
said that

\(\hookrightarrow E_1\)

\(\hookrightarrow E_2\)

Extend to build recursive deep alignments

Insertion-deletion chunks

Bursts in branches

Challenges with meaning

Can you think of anything else, Barbara, they might have told me about that party?

I've spoken to the other children who were there that day.

S

B

Abuser

The Devil's Advocate (1997)

?

Strong pragmatics (Scott-Phillips, 2017)

Access to context

Theory of the constitution of meaning

Challenges