Disciplinary Inquiry, Access, and Ethics
in Producing Collections as Data
Novice in the Archive
"The combination of increased access with the development of powerful digital searching tools has the potential to transform the nature and the scale of students’ relationship to the material itself. For the first time perhaps it allows the novice learner to get into the archives and engage in the kinds of archival activities that only expert learners used to be able to do."
Randy Bass and Roy Rosenzweig, "Rewiring the Social Studies Classroom," (Dec. 1999).
Scholar in the Archive
Research Practices of Historians
"In numerous cases, interviewees demonstrated their organization processes by showing the physical and digital “piles” of sources that made up a chapter. Many scholars had stacks of index cards, paper notes, and print-outs of sources organized by chapter. In one case, an interviewee showed the file boxes (representing chapters) with tabs (representing sections) containing individual index cards (representing notes or ideas) by which a book is being organized; another shared the bookshelf on which he kept his last book, with each chapter’s
Schonfeld and Rutner, ITHAKA S+R, 2012
https://sr.ithaka.org/publications/supporting-the-changing-research-practices-of-historians/
Notecards
Secondary Research
Primary Research
Heuristics of Historical Thinking
- Sourcing
- Contextualizing
- Close reading
- Reading for silences
- Using background knowledge
- Corroborating
Sam Wineburg, “Thinking Like a Historian,” http://www.loc.gov/teachers/tps/quarterly/historical_thinking/article.html
Interrogating Historical Complexity
- Contending with multiple perspectives
- Grappling with the implications of multiple
causation - Considering how actors and events are shaped by their contexts and prior events
- Examining change and continuity over time
Teaching Digital History
Structured Data
National Historical GIS
1790 US Census, by County
Andrew McDonald, H251 s2019
CSV or TXT, Please!
Tim Sherratt
Unstructured Data
Infrastructures Embody Values
Metadata and Movement
Linked [Open] Data
-
Use URIs as names for things
-
Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names.
-
When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards
-
Include links to other URIs. so that they can discover more things.
Tim Berners-Lee (2006),
Representing People in Data
People Owned by the MP SJs
- 1,140 individuals enslaved people
- 30 enslaved people owned by others
- 32 free Blacks
- 108 partnerships
- 394 parent-child relationships
- 1,700 events (life course, labor, freedom, health)
Tidy, Rectangular Data
Questions that are good to think with
Stakeholders
-
Who are they and what kinds of inquiry questions do they bring? (aside from technical capacity)
-
What are their commitments and values?
Ethics of Access
-
How do our approaches to data creation and representation change when the data can be loosed from the initial record and the full context of creation?
-
What have we done to recognize and mitigate the fact that the human subject protections of our institutional administrations are really just baseline considerations, rather than deeply considered ethical engagements and commitments?
Infrastructure
-
How do our ethical concerns interface with our choice of infrastructure and our descriptive approaches?
-
How do our platforms support or hinder the effort to strike a balance between ethical concerns and access?
-
What standards and constraints are built into the architecture?
-
How are we choosing and developing our controlled vocabularies (LCSH, Traditional Knowledge Labels, custom vocabularies, community generated)?
-
How transparent are we about how and why we are making these decisions? (codebook; documentation)