Labor, Manumission, &

the Struggle for Freedom:

The Enslaved People Owned and Sold by the Maryland Province Jesuits

Sharon M. Leon

@sharonmleon

Villanova University | March 18, 2019

all our married people who had married out of our farms, have been sold to the masters of their husbands or wifes, or to the next neighbors of them, so that husbands & wives are together, but some children who could not be sold with their mothers, have been sent with the others to Louisiana. There remain in our farms only few old people, well provided for their life times. So old Isaac remained at W. Marsh

Fidelis Grivel to Charles Lancaster, May 4, 1839

Old Isaac Remained

Isaac Hawkins Hall (Mulledy Hall)

Thomas Mulledy

The Hawkins Family

Jesuit Plantation Project

slaveryarchive.georgetown.edu

Working with the Data of Slavery

The Enslaved Group

  • 1,132 individuals owned by the Jesuits (1717-1840)
    • 598 individuals with birth years
  • 48 enslaved people owned by others
  • 34 free Blacks

Relationships in the Records

  • 108 inferred partnerships (217 individuals; 1 remarriage)
    • 13 sacramental marriages
  • 393 identified parental relationship
    • 87 baptisms
    • 141 births
  • 56 deaths indicated
    • 26 deaths with specific date
[1802 Dr St. Thomas's Manor in acct with Cash]
[1803]
[Jan]
26     To cash from Henny for 3 barrels corn @ $2   6.00  2.5.0
April 22    To Cash recd for sale of negro Constant, property of N.L. Sewall's estate  101.10.0

[opposite folio 1802 Contra Cr.]
[1803]
[Jan]
10    By do to do (the Taylor C. Layman) for making a servant's great coat  0.12.6
April 22  By Do [cash] to Mrs. Dorothy Digges for negro woman Jenny & her child  85.0.0


Derived data

  • Hand generated from document transcriptions
  • Individuals and relationships processed to People with Unique ID, and then de-dupped
  • Appearances processed to Events with participants
  • Event types: birth, baptism, marriage, death, inventory, health, sale, legal, labor, commerce, conditions, travel, punishment, run away
  • Imported to Omeka S to publish LOD

Linked Open Data

  • Each entity has a unique resource identifier (URI)
  • Those URIs are served over the web
  • Descriptive data about those entities is served using standards
  • Those standards make that data interoperable and promote aggregation and integration of material across the web

The Plantations

Estate Total Enslaved Workers Indoors Fields Child/Elderly
St. Inigoe's Manor 20 12 3 9 8
Newtown 29 15 3 12 14
St. Thomas's Manor 38 21 3 18 17
White Marsh 65 29 3 26 36
St. Joseph's Manor 7 5 1 4 2
St. Marie's Manor 7 4 1 3 3
Bohemia Manor 26 15 3 12 11
Total 192 101 17 84 91

George Hunter's 1765 Survey

Labor: Compelled & Compensated

Agricultural Labor

January 1792....
2. .... Cut out the Negroes Cloths, having got the cloth from the fuller only last Friday.....
N.B. Yesterday I engaged my overseer on a fixed yearly salary instead of a certain share of the crop, as he had hitherto been, according to the agreement with my predecessor.
3. (Tues.) Two
hands cuttin stoks for the sawmill, the others husking corn.
7. (Sat.) Hands cutting wood.
9. (Mond.) Two hands cutting wood; the others husking corn. [continues through month and February]

Robert Molyneux, SJ, Bohemia Manor

Agricultural Labor

March 1792....
7. (Wed.) Finished the coal house, & hauled poles to make a shoeing shed.

May 1792.....
31. (Thurs.) The Quarter boys had this day given them, to work at their patches.

June 1792
....
4. (Mond.) Half the home hands had this day to work at their patches.
5. (Tues.) The rest
of the home hands had this day to work at their patches.

Robert Molyneux, SJ, Bohemia Manor

Skilled Labor

  • Carpenters
  • Shoemakers
  • Blacksmith
  • Millers
  • Cook
  • Midwives

Wages for Additional Work

[May 1794]

29  By 1 pd brown sugar paid to Dick for his Ditching                                                   0.1.6

June 7  By 1 quart whiskey paid to George                                                                       0.1.4

16  By cash paid to Clement Wheeler for <strike>Lawyer's fee</strike> traveling         <strike>3.0.0 <strike>
        expenses against freedom of negros                                                                        1.2.6

July 5 By cash paid to Charles in full for his ditching                                                    0.18.11

[Aug]
8   By Cash paid to Jerry, Dick & George for ditching & c in full                             2.0.3 1/2
[Oct]
10  By cash
 pd to the midwife for Monica's childe                                                        0.15.0

St. Thomas's Manor Account Book

The Misteries of Weaving

This agreement made between the Revd. Francis Neale of St. Thomas's Manor ..., and Mrs. Elizabeth Norris of Ceder Point neck..., showeth that he ... has engaged Mrs. Elizabeth Norris to execute all the weaving that is wanted for the Manor and to take under her controul all the spiners of wool, cotton, and flax, and to see that they perform their tasks, which she will regularly guide thereon once a day, or once a week as she may think proper. The said Mrs. E. Norris does hereby agree to teach the misteries of weaving to the person which may be pointed out to her by the Revd. Francis Neale, and likewise she will regularly inform Revd. Fr. Neale, or the person employed by him of the behaviour of the spiners, their not doing their duty, if such should be the case, or the encroachment of men-servants on the room appointed for them to work in. She will also keep in employment those children which may be sent to her in whatever they can do, she shall see that the washing, ^and^ ironing, be regularly performed in the kitchen at her house and all of them to be sent to the house-keeper at the Manor.

[c. 1820]

Labor: Motherwork & Family

Newtown Network

Freedom Status Transactions

Queens vs. Ashton

The Mahoney Brothers

Proceedings of the Corporation of Roman Catholic Clergymen

1. to dispose for a limited time of the greatest part of the blacks on the different plantations appertaining to the select body.

2. To proceed gradually and with due attention to law in the execution of this resolve and not to offer too many for sale at one time.

3. The Representatives of the district, with the managers of the different plantations, shall select the blacks to be disposed of in such proportions the number to be sold at any time and the term of years for which they are to be sold.

June 1814

What's Next?

  • Everyday condition events
  • Health and sickness events
  • Labor events
  • Interpretive narrative