H.J. Terry Suh,

RLG Short Talk, Spring 2024

PhD Process as an Optimization Problem

(Graduate Descent)

The hard question in life

Why do I exist?

 

What should I live for?

 

What should I do?

 

The hard question in grad school

Why do I exist in grad school?

 

What should I live for in grad school?

 

What should I do in grad school?

 

The hard question in grad school

1. Do world-class research

2. Grow as a researcher

3. Prepare for a job

Why do I exist in grad school?

 

What should I live for in grad school?

 

What should I do in grad school?

 

but there are inevitable tradeoffs....

Grad school as an optimization problem

Maximize   what?

  

The cost function is not clear at all.

Job Prospects

Maximize   chances of landing a job

  

The sparse-reward problem

1st year

 

2nd year

 

3rd year

 

4th year

 

5th year

 

I don't know what I should do 

Didn't get a good job

I'm not doing anything

I didn't publish anything

I'm not motivated

The sparse-reward problem

Maximize   chances of landing a job

  

1. Too Sparse of a reward to optimize for.

2. The purpose of grad school is not just getting a good job.

Intellectual Curiosity

Maximize      time spent on doing                              what I find interesting

  

The sparse-reward problem

1st year

 

2nd year

 

3rd year

 

4th year

 

5th year

 

Gonna follow the next immediate interesting thing

Come 5th year

I was....

- an honest academic

- followed fundamental curiosities 

- but don't have much to show for it.

 

But I believe people will recognize my intellectual curiosity.

Comparing Researchers

How could I possibly compare different researchers just based on what they find interesting?

No control over interests

You have no control over what you're interested in

It's almost unfair how much your interests dictate your status in the field. 

No control over interests

And you can't afford to have no control over your PhD

(Beyond some factors)

Interests as Constraints

Maximize   ??

subject to  You have to find it interesting.

  

1. Know your interests. Usually hiding in plain sight

2. Make sure they are not too narrow.

3. But if you did work that you didn't find interesting, you likely failed your PhD (it's a feasibility problem)

Maximize  Fame

subject to  You have to find it interesting.

  

Fame

Maximize  Fame

subject to  You have to find it interesting.

  

Fame

1. Become a K-Pop Star

2. Open a Youtube Channel

Maximize   Metrics

subject to   You have to find it interesting.

  

Metrics

1. Number of Papers 

2. Citations

3. H-Index

4. Awards

Quadratic Gaming (Most Basic)

1st year

 

2nd year

 

3rd year

 

4th year

 

5th year

 

While True:

   - Publish a paper 

   - Cite every single paper you've published

Citations: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ... = n*(n+1)/2

H-Index  : n

Number of papers: n 

 

Diffusion

RL

Comformal 

Prediction

Safety

Tactile

Tactile

Factor

Graphs

Combinatorial Gaming (More Advanced)

Diffusion

RL

Comformal 

Prediction

Safety

Tactile

Tactile

Factor

Graphs

Mix & Match

  

Combinatorial Gaming (More Advanced)

Exponential Gaming (Most Advanced)

RL

What if I tweaked this a bit?  

What if I tweaked the previous tweak a bit?  

Crisis in Value Assignment

"Using citation metrics as part of academic recruitment decisions leads to an increase in self-citations", LSE

Crisis in Value Assignment

How many citations does this paper generate in total?

Publication has cost

# Citations

# Authors

Do More Metrics actually pay off?

" You can't estimate your odds of getting a faculty job from common quantitative metrics ", Jeremy Fox

So how do we treat metrics?

Maximize   ??

subject to   You have to find it interesting.

                     # of papers > n

                     # of citations > n

  

1. Too low of a metric is a red flag.

2. Too high of a metric is sometimes a red flag.

Depth

Maximize   Depth

subject to   You have to find it interesting.

                     # of papers > n

                     # of citations > n

  

Think Deep!

Depth

But What Exactly is Depth??  

Perceived Depth

ReLU networks work well because we know piecewise linear feedback is good, and deep learning lets us find these pieces automatically.

That's not deep, we need to understand more. 

Using neural tangent kernels we prove that for feedback linearizable nonlinear systems we achieve exponential stability with rate of O(7/3log(log(n))^2)

 

Perceived Depth

Perceived Depth is not Real Depth.

Don't be fooled by what "looks" deep.

Perceived Depth vs. Impact Tradeoff

Perceived depth

Impact

Staying here is a tricky game

What exactly is depth?

1. Robust to Questions

 

If you did deep research, you are....

 

Q: What about this case and that case?

A:  I've thought about that, and my answer is.... 

What exactly is depth?

1. Robust to Questions

2. Parsimonious in your explanations

 

If you did deep research, you are....

 

If you can't explain it to a six year old, you don't understand it yourself - Richard Feynman

What exactly is depth?

1. Robust to Questions

2. Parsimonious in your explanations

3. Recognize universal connections to       your research

If you did deep research, you are....

 

Depth

Maximize   ??

subject to   You have to find it interesting.

                     # of papers > n

                     # of citations > n

                     You have to be sufficiently deep.

  

Cost or constraint?

In my opinion, there's no real middle ground - constraint.

Impact

Maximize   Impact

subject to   You have to find it interesting.

                     # of papers > n

                     # of citations > n

                     You have to be sufficiently deep.

  

Impact

But What Exactly is Impact?? 

What makes some research impactful while others are forgotten?

Impact: The "Engineering" Factor

1. Solve an important problem

From Bill Freeman's slides on how to do research

"Important" means...

1. Important

2. There are enough people who think it's important

Impact: The "Engineering" Factor

Some Hypotheses

1. "Solved an unsolved problem" >>>>

     "Solved a solved problem drastically better" >>>

     "Solved a solved problem slightly bettter".

 

2. "Solved a problem" >>>>
    "Solved a problem with some method"

Impact: The "Surprise" Factor

2. Disprove a commonly held belief

Impact: The "Novelty" Factor

3. Provide a New Way of Thinking about the Problem

But show why this perspective is useful / encompassing other views

Impact with Communication

Quality of the Paper

Ability / Effort

to Communicate

From personal talk with Jeff Lipton

IMPACT

Impact with Communication

If you had a chance to sell your work, why don't you do it? - Yunzhu

1. Go give talks, conferences, find connections and talk to people 

2. You can only have impact if people know your work 

3. Social Media?

Impact with Communication

1. Spend time on writing really well?

2. Toy examples / illustrative figures

3. Explain to 6 year old

Why Impact?

Maximize   Impact

subject to   You have to find it interesting.

                     # of papers > n

                     # of citations > n

                     You have to be sufficiently deep.

  

Back to Life

Will to Power

Ubermensch

Eternal Recurrence

All beings exist to exert their own interpretation and value in this world.

 

If your life repeats in a cycle forever, would you be content?

 

Someone who gives meaning to his own life without holding himself to other worldly values, proud in eternal recurrence.

An Uber-Scholar

Will to Power

Uber-Scholar

Eternal Recurrence

Academics exist to exert their own academic ideals, visions, and interpretations in topics of their interest.

If your academic career repeats forever, would you be content?

Someone who ultimately believes in their own vision of research without holding themselves to the values of other

scholars.

The Modern Scholar

What we think they are 

How they actually are

It is now a scholar's "duty" to care about how their idea makes impact in this world

A Very Important Question

It is now a scholar's "duty" to care about how their idea makes impact in this world

But how do you know "what to make impact with?" 

 

How do you develop an academic vision?

Conclusion

Maximize   Impact

subject to   You have to find it interesting.

                     # of papers > n

                     # of citations > n

                     You have to be sufficiently deep.