Wei Zhu (祝伟)
SURP Lecture
2019 June 12th
Image from Maruyama & Ebisuzaki (2017)
Snow line
Minimum-mass solar/extra-solar nebula:
Weidenschilling (1977); Hayashi (1981)
The outer region dominates the mass and angular momentum budget
Mimimum mass extra-solar nebula
Mimimum mass solar nebula
Chiang & Laughlin (2013)
Murcury
Mars
Asteroid
belt
Image credit: P. Armitage
Image credit: M. Rex
Image credit: Raymond, Izidoro, & Morbidelli (2018)
small planets alone
w/ outer Giants
'Pale Blue Dot' by Voyager 1 from 40 AU
Solar system seen from alpha centauri (1.3 pc)
Earth: R_Earth, 300 K
100xR_Earth, 6000 K
10xR_Earth, 150 K
(In addition, planets are very close to the star.)
HR 8799: planet brightness ~\(10^{-5}\) star
So far, <10 detections
First detection: 1989/1995
# of detections: ~700
First detection: 2000
# of detections: >4000
# of detections: 0
(Gaia ~2021)
First detection: 2003
# of detections: ~50
Ground-based transit
Radial velocity survey
Global microlensing survey
Kepler
Mayor & Queloz (1995)
Charbonneau et al. (2000)
Gillon et al. (2017)
Bond et al. (2003)
Hot Jupiters
Cold Jupiters
Cold Neptunes
Super Earths
Data from NASA Exoplanet Archive
Warm Jupiters
Sub-Saturns
RV
Transit
Microlensing
Figure from Bouchy et al. (2009)
Minimum-mass solar/extra-solar nebula:
Weidenschilling (1977); Hayashi (1981)
Mimimum mass extra-solar nebula
Mimimum mass solar nebula
Chiang & Laughlin (2013)
Murcury
Mars
Asteroid
belt
Figure from Dawson & Johnson (2018)
Dynamical channel
Disk migration
\(10^5\) target stars & 4-yr observations, how many Earth-like planets do we expect to detect?
0 Earth-like planets, but 1000s of exoplanets!
Saturn
Neptune
Earth
Hot Jupiters
Sub-Earths
Brightness
Brightness
Brightness
Einstein note, ~1912
Einstein (1936)
Planet 2
Planet 1
Sabrina Madsen
A pair of planets likely in mean-motion resonance from gravitational microlensing
Madsen & Zhu, ApJL in press
Light curve from Han et al. (2013)
Ground-based transit
Radial velocity survey
Global microlensing survey
Kepler
Mayor & Queloz (1995)
Charbonneau et al. (2000)
Gillon et al. (2017)
Bond et al. (2003)
Hot Jupiters
Cold Jupiters
Cold Neptunes
Super Earths
Data from NASA Exoplanet Archive
(1%)
(10%)
(30%)
(tens of %)
Warm Jupiters
(~3%)
Sub-Saturns
(~5%)
Neutron Star Planets
Binaries
Hot Jupiters
Cold Jupiters
Cold Neptunes
Super Earths
(1%)
(10%)
(30%)
(tens of %)
Warm Jupiters
(~3%)
Sub-Saturns
(~5%)
James Webb Space Telescope (~2021)
Star shade concept
RV also measures the orbital eccentricity and orientation
e=0
e=0.3
e=0.6
e=0.9
to observer
\( \omega \)
Figure from Dawson & Johnson (2018)
Solar system giant planets: \(e<0.06\)
Extra-solar giant planets: \(e\sim0.3\)
Major image perturbation
Minor image perturbation