Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics
Ringberg Castle Workshop
2019-09-10, Germany
0 Earth-like planets, but 1000s of all kinds of exoplanets!
Image credit: NASA/Kepler, Batalha (2014)
Image credit: iLectureOnline
Figure adapted from Penny et al. (2019)
Kepler's limitation #1: transiting
Coplanar vs. mutually inclined (Kepler dichotomy or not)
Kepler's limitation #2: short-period (\(P\lesssim1\) yr)
Inner-outer correlation (in situ vs. large-scale migration)
Kepler's limitation #3: relatively large planets (\(R_{\rm p}\gtrsim R_\oplus\))
Intra-system uniformity or not
Summary & future prospects
Ballard & Johnson (2016)
(See also Lissauer et al. 2011, Johansen et al. 2012)
Zhu et al. (2018)
(See also Xie et al. 2016, Munoz Romero et al. 2018, Weiss et al. 2018)
One-tranet hosts
Multi-tranet hosts
Zhu, Petrovich, Wu et al., 2018
Transit singles
Transit multis
Holman & Murray (2005); Agol et al. (2005)
Zhu, Petrovich, Wu et al., 2018
mutual inclination
Zhu, Petrovich, Wu et al., 2018
(See Xie et al. 2016, Van Eylen et al. 2018, Mills et al. 2019 for eccentricity constraints)
Orbital eccentricity
Kepler's limitation #1: transiting
Coplanar vs. mutually inclined (Kepler dichotomy or not)
Kepler's limitation #2: short-period (\(P\lesssim1\) yr)
Inner-outer correlation (in situ vs. large-scale migration)
Kepler's limitation #3: relatively large planets (\(R_{\rm p}\gtrsim R_\oplus\))
Intra-system uniformity or not
Summary & future prospects
Cold Jupiters
Super Earths
22 from Kepler (triangles) + 39 from RV (squares)
(see also Bryan et al. 2019, Herman, Zhu, & Wu 2019)
Cold Jupiters
Super Earths
22 from Kepler (triangles) + 39 from RV (squares)
(see also Bryan et al. 2019, Herman, Zhu, & Wu 2019)
Cold Jupiters
Super Earths
22 from Kepler (triangles) + 39 from RV (squares)
(see also Bryan et al. 2019, Herman, Zhu, & Wu 2019)
1 yr
Inner and outer regions correlate in occurrence rate & dynamical states
(see also Gandolfi et al. 2018)
Figure from Chiang & Laughlin (2013)
Image credit: P. Armitage
(see also Zhu, 2019, ApJ, 873, 8; Brewer et al., 2018, ApJL, 867, 3)
HATNet
Keck
Cold Jupiters
(~10%)
Cold Neptunes
Kepler's limitation #1: transiting
Coplanar vs. mutually inclined (Kepler dichotomy or not)
Kepler's limitation #2: short-period (\(P\lesssim1\) yr)
Inner-outer correlation (in situ vs. large-scale migration)
Kepler's limitation #3: relatively large planets (\(R_{\rm p}\gtrsim R_\oplus\))
Intra-system uniformity or not
Summary & future prospects
Image from Lissauer et al. (2011)
Outer-to-inner radius ratio
Outer planet larger
Inner planet larger
0.4 \(R_\oplus\)
0.9 \(R_\oplus\)
1.0 \(R_\oplus\)
0.5 \(R_\oplus\)
11 \(R_\oplus\)
9 \(R_\oplus\)
4.0 \(R_\oplus\)
3.9 \(R_\oplus\)
From Weiss et al. (2018)
Noisy sample
Quiet sample
Data from Weiss et al. (2018)
CDPP CDF
From Ciardi et al. (2013)
Kepler detections pile up toward the
detection threshold.
Forward modeling
(short-cut)
Bootstrap
(Even though the authors stated the opposite)
Non-clustered model
Clustered periods & sizes model
Transit depth ratio
Transit depth ratio
Transit depth ratio
Transit depth ratio
(Figure from Penny et al., 2019, ApJS, 241, 3)