Intro To

By Casey Allred

@sbditto85

Who am I?

  • PHP Developer
  • Haskell Hobbyist/Developer
  • Father of two beautiful girls

Outline

  • Compare to typical OOP language 'X'
  • Functions!
  • Types and Type Classes
  • Lists
  • Functor, Applicative, and Monads
  • Monad Transformers
  • Tools

Side note

How many of us know everything about electricity?

How many of us can flip a switch to turn on the lights?

Why Haskell?

  • Good practices for any language/paradigm
  • Enjoy the science of computing
  • Expand your comfort zone
  • Mature language that is ever evolving
  • It's FUN!

https://xkcd.com/1312/

Haskell vs OOP

What's the same?

  • Turing Complete

What's Different

  • Everything Else
  • Lazy
  • Strongly and Statically typed
  • Pure
  • Functional

Why do I care about differences?

  • Because you have to approach problems differently
  • Need to forget typical OOP approaches
  • Need to forget OOP jargon and learn FP jargon
  • You will struggle

Functions!

Functions

  • "Bread and butter" of Haskell
  • Behave like math function f(x) = x + 2 (stateless)
  • Parameters separated by spaces
  • Curried by default
  • Can take or return other functions
  • No Objects, so Data and Functions are separate
  • Operators (+, -, ==, <$>) are functions too!

Hello World

module Main where

main :: IO ()
main = putStrLn "Hello World"

Hello World (Compared)

module Main where

main :: IO ()
main = putStrLn "Hello World"
//CPP from https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/C%2B%2B_Programming/Examples/Hello_world

#include <iostream>
 
int main()
{
  std::cout 
    << "Hello World!" 
    << std::endl;
  return 0;
}

Addition

module Main where

main :: IO ()
main = print (addInt 3 4)

addInt :: Int -> Int -> Int
addInt x y = x + y

addThree :: Int -> Int
addThree = addInt 3

Addition

module Main where

main :: IO ()
main = print (addInt 3 4)

addInt :: Int -> Int -> Int
addInt x y = x + y

--To call a function
x `addInt` y   -- is infix
addInt x y     -- is prefix

x + y          -- is infix
(+) x y        -- is prefix

Addition (Compared)

addInt :: Int -> Int -> Int

addInt x y = x + y
int addInt(int x, int y) {

    return x + y;

}

Fibonacci

The formula for the Fibonacci sequence is:

Fn = F(n-1) + F(n-2)

with F(0) = 0 and F(1) = 1

Fibonacci

module Main where

main :: IO ()
main = print (fibN 10)

fibN 0 = 0
fibN 1 = 1
fibN n = fibN (n-1) + fibN (n-2)


-- Output: 55

Fibonacci

module Main where

main :: IO ()
main = print (fibN 10)

fibN :: (Eq a, Num a) => a -> a
fibN 0 = 0
fibN 1 = 1
fibN n = fibN (n-1) + fibN (n-2)

Fibonacci

module Main where

main :: IO ()
main = print (fibN 10)

fibN i =
    (head . drop i) fibs

fibs = 
    0 : 1 : zipWith (+) fibs (tail fibs)

Function Composition

  • In math you would do: 
  • executes right to left
  • types must line up
g . f = g ( f ( x ) )
g.f=g(f(x))g . f = g ( f ( x ) )
funOne :: Int -> String

funTwo :: String -> Bool

combined :: Int -> Bool
combined x = (funTwo . funOne) x

Factorial

module Main where

main :: IO ()
main = print (factorial 5)

factorial 1 = 1
factorial n = n * factorial (n - 1)

{-
OUTPUT: 120
-}

factorial 1 = 1

factorial n = n * factorial (n-1)

Factorial

module Main where

main :: IO ()
main = print (factorial 5)

factorial n = product [1..n]

{-
OUTPUT: 120
-}

Factorial

module Main where

main :: IO ()
main = print (factorial 5)


factorial :: (Enum a, Num a) => a -> a
factorial n = product [1..n]

{-
OUTPUT: 120
-}

FizzBuzz

module Main where

import Control.Monad
import Lib

main :: IO ()
main = forM_ fizzBuzz putStrLn
module Lib
    ( fizzBuzz
    ) where

fizzBuzz :: [ String ]
fizzBuzz =
  map fizzInt [1..100]
  where
    fizzInt :: Int -> String
    fizzInt i =
      case (i `mod` 3 == 0, i `mod` 5 == 0) of
         (True, True) -> "FizzBuzz"
         (True, False) -> "Fizz"
         (False, True) -> "Buzz"
         (False, False) -> show i

Divisible by 3 put "Fizz"

Divisible by 5 put "Buzz"

Otherwise put the number

FizzBuzz

module Main where

import Control.Monad
import Lib

main :: IO ()
main = forM_ fizzBuzz putStrLn
module Lib
    ( fizzBuzz
    , fizzInt
    ) where

fizzBuzz :: [ String ]
fizzBuzz =
  map fizzInt [1..100]
  where
    fizzInt :: Int -> String
    fizzInt i
      | i `mod` 3 == 0 && i `mod` 5 == 0 = "fizzbuzz"
      | i `mod` 5 == 0 = "buzz"
      | i `mod` 3 == 0 = "fizz"
      | otherwise = show i

FizzBuzz

module Main where

import Control.Monad
import Lib

main :: IO ()
main = forM_ fizzBuzz putStrLn
module Lib
    ( fizzBuzz
    , fizzInt
    ) where

fizzBuzz :: [ String ]
fizzBuzz =
  map fizzInt [1..100]
  
fizzInt :: Int -> String
fizzInt i
  | isMod3 && isMod5 = "fizzbuzz"
  | isMod5 = "buzz"
  | isMod3 = "fizz"
  | otherwise = show i
  where
    isMod3 :: Bool
    isMod3 = i `mod` 3 == 0
    
    isMod5 :: Bool
    isMod5 = i `mod` 5 == 0

Lambda Functions

  • Anonymous functions
  • Can be written inline
  • Like other functions can be assigned to a name
addInt :: Int -> Int -> Int
addInt x y = x + y             -- addInt 1 2 == 3

lambdaAdd :: Int -> Int -> Int
lambdaAdd = \x y -> x + y      -- lambdaAdd 1 2 == 3

map (\i -> i + 1) [1..4]       -- [2, 3, 4, 5]
map (+1) [1..4]                -- [2, 3, 4, 5]

Types and Type Classes

Built in Types

  • Int, Integer
  • Float, Double
  • Char
  • Bool
  • String == [Char]

Creating Your Own Types

  • type - for creating an alias
  • data - for creating a new type

type (alias)

type String = [ Char ]

type PeoplesNames = [ String ]

type Person = ( String, String, Int )

data

data Bool = True | False

data WeekDays = Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday


data Person = Person String String Int

data Worker = Employee String String Int | Manager String String Int

getFirstName (Employee firstName _ _) = firstName

data Employee = Employee { getFirstName :: String
                         , getLastName :: String
                         , getAge :: Int
                         }

emp = Employee "Jonny" "Jon" 40

getFirstName emp        -- "Jonny"

Type Parameters

data Maybe a = Just a | Nothing

data [a] = a : [a] | []
data List a = Cons a (List a) | Empty

Type Parameters

data Maybe a = Just a | Nothing


a = Just "hello"   -- Maybe String

b = Just 5         -- Maybe Int

c = Nothing        -- Maybe a

Type Classes

  • Like interfaces
  • Allow us to keep functionality and data separate
  • Useful for polymorphism
myFunc :: (Num a) => a -> a -> a
myFunc x y = x + y

Common Type Classes

  • Eq = can they be compared equal
  • Ord = can they be compared > or < etc
  • Show = can  it be turned into a String
  • Read = can it be converted from a String
  • Enum = can it be enumerated
  • Bounded = does it have a min and max
  • Num = is it a number
  • Intergral = is it a whole number
  • Floating = is it a real number

The Num Type Class

class Num a where
  (+) :: a -> a -> a
  (-) :: a -> a -> a
  (*) :: a -> a -> a
  negate :: a -> a
  abs :: a -> a
{-*SNIP*-}

The Eq Type Class

class Eq a where  
    (==) :: a -> a -> Bool  
    (/=) :: a -> a -> Bool  
    x == y = not (x /= y)  
    x /= y = not (x == y) 

data TrafficLight = Red | Yellow | Green 

instance Eq TrafficLight where  
    Red == Red = True  
    Green == Green = True  
    Yellow == Yellow = True  
    _ == _ = False  

The Eq Type Class

areEq :: (Eq a) => a -> a-> Bool
areEq first second = first == second

Deriving Type Classes

When creating a type, if its composed of types that already implement a Type Class, you can then just derive that Type Class for your new type.

data Employee = Employee { getFirstName :: String
                         , getLastName :: String
                         , getAge :: Int
                         } deriving ( Show, Eq )

Lists

Lists

  • Singly linked list
  • Can be infinite
  • Can be used like an array but be careful
data List a = a :    [a]      | []
data List a = Cons a (List a) | EmptyList

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : []

Cons 1 (Cons 2 (Cons 3 ( Cons 4 (Cons 5 EmtpyList))))

Infinite Lists

  • Possible due to Haskell being lazy
  • Only computed up to what is used
  • Can get stuck in an 'infinite loop'
infinteList = [1..]

oddInfiniteList = [1,3..]

finiteList = take 10 infiniteList

otherFiniteList = (take 10) . (drop 5) oddInfiniteList

Map

  • Like a foreach that applies a function to each value
  • Don't care how it works, just do it
list = [1, 2, 3, 4]



newList = map (+1) list
int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};
int newArr[] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
int size = 4;
  
for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
    newArr[i] = arr[i] + 1;
}

Filter

  • Like a foreach that only adds a value if a condition is true
  • Don't care how it works, just do it
list = [1, 2, 3, 4]


newList = filter (<3) list
vector<int> arr = {1, 2, 3, 4};
vector<int> newArr;
  
for(int i = 0; i < arr.size; i++) {
    if(arr[i] < 3) {
        newArr.push(arr[i]);
    }
}

List Comprehension

myList = [x     | x <- [1..10] ]        --[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]

myList = [x + 1 | x <- [1..10] ]        --[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]

myList = [x     | x <- [1..10], x < 3]  --[1,2]

myList = [x + 1 | x <- [1..10], x < 3]  --[2,3]

Functor, Applicative, and Monads

Functor

class Functor f where
  fmap :: (a -> b) -> f a -> f b

Apply a function to a computational context

Common Functors

  • Maybe
  • []
  • IO

Functor

myFunc :: Int -> Bool

mayExistInt :: Maybe Int

-- How do I use myFunc with mayExistInt?

result = fmap myFunc mayExistInt
result = myFunc <$> mayExistInt

-- which will result in
result :: Maybe Bool

Why do we care?

Ok, what about multiple params?

Applicative

class Functor f => Applicative f where
  pure :: a -> f a
  (<*>) :: f (a -> b) -> f a -> f b

Apply a function in a context to a context

Common Applicatives

  • Maybe
  • []
  • IO

Applicative

myFunc :: Int -> String -> Bool

mayExistInt :: Maybe Int

mayExistString :: Maybe String

-- How do I use myFunc with mayExistInt and mayExistString?

result = fmap myFunc mayExistInt <*> mayExistString
result = myFunc <$> mayExistInt <*> mayExistString

-- which will result in
result :: Maybe Bool

Why do we care?

Monads

What if I have a value in a context but the function takes a normal value and return a value in a context?

class Applicative m => Monad m where
  (>>=) :: m a -> (a -> m b) -> m b
  return :: a -> m a

  -- Applicative
  pure :: a -> m a

Monads

What do you think the following program does?

module Main where

main :: IO ()
main = do
  hello <- return "hello"
  world <- return "world"
  print (hello ++ world)

Common Monads

  • Maybe
  • []
  • IO

Monads

myFunc :: Int -> Maybe Bool

mayExistInt :: Maybe Int

-- How do I use myFunc with mayExistInt?

result = mayExistInt >>= myFunc

result = do
            i <- mayExistInt
            myFunc i 

-- which will result in
result :: Maybe Bool

Why do we care?

Monads

instance Monad Maybe where
  (>>=) :: Maybe a -> (a -> Maybe b) -> Maybe b
  (>>=)    (Just a)   f              = f a
  (>>=)    Nothing    _              = Nothing
  

mayExistInt >>= myFunc

-- if mayExistInt == Nothing :
Nothing

-- if mayExistInt == Just x then f == myFunc and a == x :
myFunc x :: Maybe Bool

Whats happening behind the Maybe >>= curtain?

Monads

getLine  :: IO String -- from the prelude
myFunc   :: String -> IO Bool
myFunc2  :: Bool   -> IO String
putStrLn :: String -> IO () -- from the prelude

result = do inputString <- getLine
            myBool <- myFunc inputString
            computeString <- myFunc2 myBool
            putStrLn computeString 

-- which will result in
result :: IO () --and the appropriate IO actions

Why do we care?

Monad Transformers

Monad Transformers

  • This is one way we get "real" programs
  • Instead of nesting we stack them like legos
  • Then we just require something has the ability to do a context not the context itself
  • i.e. requiring MonadIO instead of IO

Tools

GHC/GHCI

  • Compiler (GHC)
  • REPL (GHCI)
    • Read
    • Eval
    • Print
    • Loop

stack

  • www.haskellstack.org
  • build tool
  • package manager
  • project manager
  • Setup a new project
    • stack new my-project
    • cd my-project
    • stack setup
    • stack build
    • stack exec my-project-exe

Searching for libs/functions

  • https://www.haskell.org/hoogle/
    • Generic search
    • Can search by function parameters
  • https://www.stackage.org/snapshots
    • Pick a stack snapshot
    • Search just like you would for Hoogle

Links

  • http://learnyouahaskell.com/chapters
  • http://haskellbook.com/
  • http://adit.io/posts/2013-04-17-functors,_applicatives,_and_monads_in_pictures.html
  • https://github.com/sbditto85/intro-to-haskell-code
  • http://lorepub.com/post/2016-12-17-Haskell-Pitfalls

Thank You

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