The Journey

• https://overthewire.org/wargames/, start with bandit (respect++ if you solve narnia)
• https://io.netgarage.org/, The IO wargame, difficulty increases exponentially
• pwnable.kr (offline)
• ctftime.org (online)

It all starts with us getting hacked

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Agenda (1/2)

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Agenda (2/2)

Security Models

We define the set of clearance levels  = {Unclassified, Confidential, Secret, Top Secret}

Bell-LaPadula Model

Write-up, Read Down

• The Bell–LaPadula model focuses on data confidentiality and controlled access to classified information
• Formalizes subjects and objects in clearance/category classes.
• The Simple Security Property: A subject can read an object only if the class of the subject dominates or equals the class of the object; aka no-read-up rule: A subject cannot read data from an object “above” it in the lattice.
• The *-Property (aka no-write-down rule): If a subject has simultaneous read access to object O1 and write access to O2 then O2 ≥ O1. Prevents leakage of sensitive information.

Biba Model

Read up, Write down

• This security model is directed toward data integrity (rather than confidentiality) and is characterized by the phrase: "read up, write down". This is in contrast to the Bell-LaPadula model which is characterized by the phrase "read down, write up".

Saltzer and Schroeder Model

• Contemporaneous to Bell-LaPadula and Biba
  • Keeping design simple (aka KISS model)
  • Fail-safe defaults: Default action of the system that should be to deny access unless explicitly given.
  • Unhandled error could leave the system in an insecure state.
  • Complete mediation: Every object access needs to be authorized.
  • Open design: Obscurity doesn’t lead to security (e.g. MS has been criticized in the past for closed designs that were ultimately insecure)

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World Wide Web

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Always use HTTPs to send your private data to a website.

Make sure CA is trusted

If you have a public IP, people will attack it.

Block all unwanted traffic.

Never trust anything from the internet, don't download blindly and never execute binaries from untrusted sources.

LETS ENCRYPT!

SQL Injections (1/2)

SELECT user from users where username='$USER' and password='$PASSWORD';

Exploit?

Lets try out a test application vulnerable to SQLI.

https://www.hacksplaining.com/exercises/sql-injection#/start

SQL Injections (2/2)

XSS (1/2)

XSS also called as Cross-Site-Scripting. It allows malicious users to insert scripts into web-page and steal victim's cookies.

unicode(64976) -> ﷐

XSS (2/4)

XSS (3/4)

Let's try out an XSS exercise that shows how this vulnerability can be used. 

https://www.hacksplaining.com/exercises/xss-stored#/yeast-of-your-problems

XSS (4/4)

Code Exec Vuln

This is the most dangerous kind of vulnerability in a web application. Google recently awarded a 36K USD bounty to a security pen-tester who found RCE in Google App Engine. 

Let's try it out:

https://www.hacksplaining.com/exercises/command-execution#/hosting

ClickJacking

The attacker tricks victims into clicking something they don't intend to. By disguising the link, in an invisible div under an appealing click. 

CSRF

Cross-site Request Forgery

Requests to the server side APIs can be triggered from any client, not just from your website's UI.

• When we write a web-app. We write a client side, which user sees on his browser. 
• A server-side that handles data sent from this client.
• Hackers can craft pages that trick users into sending data to server-side that the user never intended to send.

CSRF

XXE

XML External Entity

- An XML External Entity (XXE) attack (sometimes called an XXE injection attack) is based on Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF).

- This type of attack abuses a widely available but rarely used feature of XML parsers. Using XXE, an attacker is able to cause Denial of Service (DoS) as well as access local and remote content and services.

- In some cases, XXE may even enable port scanning and lead to remote code execution. There are two types of XXE attacks: in-band and out-of-band (OOB-XXE).

XXE

Native Code Exec

• By far the toughest to exploits and the fruitiest of them all.
• We usually exploit an endpoint exposed on a port.
• This endpoint is usually written in C/C++/Go/Rust and has a vulnerability.
• Some of the examples include Stack Overflows, Heap Overflows, Use after free, Double free and Format String Exploits.

Breaking Stacks

Stack Oveflow

• Easiest kind of native code vuln.
• Stack is a key data structure used to store return addresses, arguments and context when functions are called. 
• If we somehow overflow the buffer we are writing to, and this buffer happen to be on the stack.
• We have ourselves a Stack Overflow Vuln.

Stack Oveflow

Stack Oveflow Protectios

• ASLR
• Canaries
• NX
• PIE is a body of machine code that, being placed somewhere in the primary memory, executes properly regardless of its absolute address.
• FULL RELRO: read only GOT

Heap Overflow

 Memory on the heap is dynamically allocated by the application at run-time and typically contains program data. Exploitation is performed by corrupting this data in specific ways to cause the application to overwrite internal structures such as linked list pointers. The canonical heap overflow technique overwrites dynamic memory allocation linkage (such as malloc meta data) and uses the resulting pointer exchange to overwrite a program function pointer.

https://github.com/shellphish/how2heap

Hardware based Attacks

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• Meltdown and Spectre exploit critical vulnerabilities in modern processors. These hardware vulnerabilities allow programs to steal data which is currently processed on the computer

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Crypto

Did you mean?

Cryptography = build ciphers

Cryptoanalysis = Analysis of _

Cryptology = _ + __

Cryptic much?

Crypto

Hiding secret information

Payments

Cryptocurrencies

Cryptokitties

Elections

Bluetooth speakers

more mathsy stuff

Principle: Practical computational Hardness

a computational hardness assumption is the hypothesis that a particular problem cannot be solved efficiently (where efficiently typically means "in polynomial time").

CIA Triad

Confidentiality: only people with proper access can read it

Integrity: ensure data is not tampered with

Authentication: who are you?
Authorization: do you have permission?

Non-Repudiation: the assurance that someone cannot deny something - ensure that a party to a contract or a communication cannot deny the authenticity of their signature on a document or the sending of a message that they originated.

Cryptographic primitives

ENCR(Key, Plaintext)

=

"Cipher"text

Encryption Cipher == Encr + Decr

Encryption - Practical Computational Hardness

Key Generation / Derivation
Decryption

Cryptographic primitives

Alice

Bob

Eve - Adversary I (passive)

Mallory / Byzantine / Trent - Adversary II (active)

Oracle

Key Generation

Confidentiality

Integrity, Authentication

Types of attacks

Ciphertext only attack

Known Plaintext Attack

Chosen Plaintext Attack

Chosen Ciphertext Attack

Symmetric Key Crypto

Same key for encryption and decryption

Symmetric Key Crypto

substitution ciphers

OTP

Caesar
Vigenere
Enigma

AES

DES / 3DES

RC4

Block and Stream Ciphers

Asymmetric Key Crypto

MD-x

SHA-x

HMAC - integrity verification

Hash functions

RSA

DSA

ECC

Authentication
Integrity

Non-repudiation

 

Digital Signatures

Authentication / LDAP /SSO

GPG / PGP

DRM

Misc

side-channel attacks

Social Engineering

Phishing

Traffic Analysis

Steganography

Forensics

Onion Routing

DevSecOps!

Misc