Ridiculous Operations in log(n) with Treaps

Ankit Sultana

June 4, 2021

Background

Heaps

 

insert(elem)

max() / min()

extract_max() / extract_min()

Binary Search Trees

search(elem)

delete(elem)

insert(elem)

max()

min()

lower_bound()

upper_bound()

BSTs

 

search(elem)

insert(elem)

remove(elem)

max()

min()

lower_bound(value)

upper_bound(value)

Binary Search Trees

search(elem)

delete(elem)

insert(elem)

max()

min()

lower_bound()

upper_bound()

BSTs

 

insert(elem)

search(elem)

remove(elem)

max()

min()

lower_bound()

upper_bound()

kth_smallest(k)

count_less_than(value)

Treaps

  • Cartesian Tree: A tree with two keys in every node, such that the tree forms a BST on one key and a Heap on the other.
  • Treap: A cartesian tree where the heap keys are random

Treap

This is a valid Treap, with two keys per node. The orange set of keys forms a BST and the green set forms a Min-Heap

Treap

Same Treap which tracks number of nodes in the sub-tree in each node

Treap

search(elem)

insert(elem)

delete(elem)

 

min()

max()

lower_bound(value)

upper_bound(value)

 

kth_smallest(k) /kth_largest(k)

count_less_than(value)

What Else Can I Do With Treaps?

Treaps can be used to represent "dynamic arrays":

Get Element at Index

Delete Element at Index

Insert Element at Index

Range Min/Max/Sum

Reverse Sub-Array

Transplant Sub-Array

Split Array / Merge Two Arrays

etc.

Main Treap Operations

Merge(Treap_1, Treap_2): This takes in two treaps, such that all BST values in Treap_1 are less than all BST values in Treap_2, and combines them.

 

Split(Treap, v): Creates two treaps from the input Treap, such that all values in one treap are <= v, and all the values in the other are > v

Merge Treap

Merge Treap

Merge Treap

Merge Treap

Merge Treap

Merge Treap

Implicit Treap

Treaps where the BST value is not explicitly stored

Allows the dynamic array operations discussed before

Relies on the fact there's a unique labelling for a BST with N nodes for labels in [1, N]

An array with N elements has unique indices

Implicit Treap

Relies on the fact there's a unique labelling for a BST with N nodes for labels in [1, N]

Implicit Treap

Relies on the fact there's a unique labelling for a BST with N nodes for labels in [1, N]

4

2

1

3

5

Implicit Treap

4

3

2

5

1

1

2

3

4

5

Treap T = new Treap(A[1]);

for (int i = 2; i <= 5; i++) {
	T = Merge(T, new Treap(A[i]))
}

Implicit Treap

4

3

2

5

1

1

2

3

4

5

4

1

103

3

1

49

Implicit Treap

4

3

2

5

1

1

2

3

4

5

4

1

103

3

2

49

2

1

70

Implicit Treap

4

3

2

5

1

1

2

3

4

5

4

1

103

3

3

49

2

1

70

5

1

11

Implicit Treap

4

3

2

5

1

1

2

3

4

5

4

1

103

3

3

49

2

1

70

5

4

11

1

1

84

Implicit Treap

4

3

2

5

1

1

2

3

4

5

4

1

103

3

3

49

2

1

70

5

5

11

1

1

84

Implicit Treap

4

3

2

5

1

4

1

103

3

3

49

2

1

70

5

2

11

1

1

84

1

2

3

1

2

Implicit Treap

4

3

2

5

1

4

1

103

3

2

49

2

1

70

5

2

11

1

1

84

1

1

2

1

2

Implicit Treap

4

3

2

5

1

4

1

103

3

2

49

2

1

70

5

2

11

1

1

84

1

1

2

1

2

Implicit Treap

4

3

2

5

1

4

1

103

3

5

49

2

1

70

5

3

11

1

1

84

1

2

3

4

5

Implicit Treap

4

3

2

5

1

4

1

103

3

5

49

2

1

70

5

3

11

1

1

84

1

2

3

4

5

R

Implicit Treap

4

3

2

5

1

4

1

103

3

5

49

2

1

70

5

3

11

1

1

84

1

2

3

4

5

R

R

Implicit Treap

4

3

2

5

1

4

1

103

3

5

49

2

1

70

5

3

11

1

1

84

1

2

3

4

5

R

R

R

Implicit Treap

Allow us to represent an array, with modification operations like:

insert/delete an element at any index

append an array to another

split an array into two

reverse a subarray

transplant a subarray

...

Implicit Treap

Allow us to represent an array, with read operations like:

get element at index

get sum/min/max of values for indices in [l, r]

get k-th smallest value in [l, r]

...

Persistent Implicit Treaps

All operations of Implicit Treaps with

*full immutability*

After each modification operation, a version is created, and each version is always accessible

Persistent Implicit Treaps - Merge

...

...

...

...

...

Persistent Implicit Treaps

All operations of Implicit Treaps with

*full immutability*

After each modification operation, a version is created, and each version is always accessible

Persistent Implicit Treaps

After each modification operation, a version is created, and each version is always accessible

When arrays A and B are merged to yield C, you can still perform any of the read-operations on all of A, B and C.

Other Data Structures

Splay Trees

Segment Trees (aka Interval Trees)

Binary Indexed Trees (aka Fenwick Trees)

Sparse Table

Fibonacci Heaps

...

Thank You!

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