Arguments, Debates, Conspiracies:

                         Evidence in Writing

— COMP 1, EN110

 When do I need evidence to support my views?

How will you treat counterclaims?

What will your argument prove?

Rogerian Format for an Argument

From Jones' Article - "On Toulmin Method of argument"(p.169)

Toulmin Format for an Argument

Steps for the Toulmin Method

Evidence

  • Ethos "Credibility" in Organizations and Sources
  • EDU sources versus COM/NET sources
  • Where do your facts and stats come from? A Study? Peer-Reviewed Journal?
  • The type of publication tells me WHAT about the source.
  • Current or outdated studies?

Conspiracy

  • How do we define this area of arguments/debates?
    • Conspiracy favors:
      • Exclusivity or secret knowledge
      • Government is the enemy
      • Facts should fit the story being told.
      • Get an "expert" that backs up the claim.

What we need to know...

"What they are finding on social media, however, often lacks substance, says Jessa Lingel, an associate professor at the Unviersity of Pennsylvania who studies digital culture. What I've noticed is that on three of the main platforms, YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok - there's a lot of messaging, but not a lot of information" (Canada 29)

 

4 Stages of Conspiracy Escalation on Social Media (Mikhaeil):

  1. Identity Confirmation
  2. Identity Affirmation
  3. Identity Protection
  4. Identity Enactment

 

"More than ever, developing media literacy and critical-thinking skills that can help citizens assess the credibility and validity of online information sources has become a critical challenge" (Mikhaeil)

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Consult our UNESCO article resource to adapt the 7 traits of a conspiracy theory to YOUR OWN conspiracy theory model!

 

How might you protect yourself from the conspiracy theory you create? Brainstorm with partners what topic is a good choice for a conspiracy to create.

Practice Testing Your Knowledge of Denial Arguments, language, and conspiracies

Learn about misinformation, denying science, and false claims by playing the Cranky Uncle Text game provided through UNESCO.

Part of our A.I. Friday Forum session

Conspiracy Generator App - What A.I. Tools or other apps can craft these?

 

 

 

 

 

How do the examples you create with mirror traits of a conspiracy?

Part of our A.I. Friday Forum session

A.I. Friday Forum Week 9

Step 1: Interact with the Cranky Uncle App and Conspiracy Generator - What ways do these apps show how conspiracies and arguments work?

 

Step 2: Using Boodlebox try asking a couple different A.I. models about your argument/debates from this week or types of conspiracies that exist.

What types of arguments are there?

  • Arguments of Persuasion
  • Arguments of Evaluation
  • Arguments of Fact and Explanation
  • Rogerian Argument (2 sides - can they compromise?
  • Toulmin Argument (multiples reasons for the debate)
  • Conspiracies (What are they? How do they form?) 

Kickstarter

  1. What determines whether an argument is effective or ineffective?
  2. How have you encountered the phrase "conspiracy theory" whether in conversation, online, media representation, the news?
  3. What are the features and characteristics of a conspiracy especially as it relates to evidence?
  4. What should people be careful about when dealing with conspiracy theories?

(Choose ONE of the question to add to your Week 9 Notes)

Why are people attracted to conspiracy theories? How does this fuel arguments and what we know about evidence?

  • The more productive approach is to persuade your audience to consider your claim as a sound one, not simply the right one.
  • Clearly articulate your claim and the main reasons for it. 
  • Anticipate and address counterarguments.
  • Make sure your support comes in many different
  • Aim for respectful honesty.

3 Key Features = Confidence, Neutrality, Courtesy and Fairness

Arguments of Persuasion

Arguments of Evaluation

Arguments of Fact & Explanation

  • Establish why that fact is true.
  • Establish that the conclusion is true.
  • Has a variety of premises & situation to arrive at a conclusion
  • Attempts to show why and how something works
  • Render a critical judgment on the merits of something.
  • Declare your overall judgement of the subject under review.
  • What is your criteria? (Logical standards of how you evaluate a situation or text)
  • Draw your evidence from what you are reviewing
  • Use concrete language, not vague language.

Rogerian Format for an Argument

-Addressing an issue with sides, finding common ground, and a compromise

Thoughts?

Suggestions?

Video Introduction to Rogerian Argument

Toulmin Argument Model

  • Toulmin devoted his works to analyzing moral reasoning.
  • He sought to develop practical ways to evaluate ethical arguments effectively.
  • What are the six parts of the Toulmin Argument?

Video Introduction to Toulmin Argument

Sample Model for Toulmin Argument

Sample Model for Toulmin Method

From Jones' Article - "On Toulmin Method of argument"(p.169)

What kind of argument is your debate? Is it a conspiracy or logical argument? Consider some of the questions below when writing about a type of argument or conspiracy and how it forms:

In-Class Week 9: Argument/Debate Interaction

  • Are there two sides?
  • How do you introduce this topic to the audience?
  • Is there support for each side? What?
  • Bias or Non-Bias?
  • Is there common ground or compromise?
  • Actions or goals of the argument?

COMPOSE within the discussion thread. Do a simple Google search to also see how you might support your debate.

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