SQL Two
Database Relationships, Foreign Keys, Joins, & Sub-Queries
DATA INTENSIFIES
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*
Select Everything
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ORDER BY
Choose column which you would like your data ordered by. Has option ASCending or DESCending value.
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LIMIT
Limit the amount of data you get back from your query.
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SUM()
Finds the sum of the data. Access it like this: sum(COLUMN_NAME)
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COUNT()
Finds the count, or total number of items, of the data we query for. Access it like this: count(COLUMN_NAME)
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AVG()
Finds the average of the data we query for. Access it like this: avg(COLUMN_NAME). Remember average is the total amount divided by the total count
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MAX()
Finds the max of the data we query for. Access it like this: max(COLUMN_NAME). Returns only one piece of data.
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MIN()
Finds the minimum of the data we query for. Access it like this: min(COLUMN_NAME).
Returns only one piece of data.
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LIKE
Underscore to place for single letter
WHERE name LIKE '_onathan'
Percent to match any number of letters before or after depending on placement.
WHERE name LIKE 'J%'
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Select Empty Data
SELECT * FROM users
WHERE name IS NULL;
SELECT * FROM users
WHERE name IS NOT NULL
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Add Rows
INSERT INTO users (
first_name,
last_name,
) VALUES (
'Bryan',
'Smith',
'bryan@devmountain.com'
);
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Delete Rows
DELETE FROM users
WHERE name = 'Bryan';
Be careful with this one. It is always a good practice to do a select first to see what data you will be deleting.
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Update Rows
UPDATE users
SET name = 'Jase'
WHERE user_id = 4;
Be careful with this one. It is always a good practice to do a select first to see what data you will be updating.
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DISTINCT
SELECT DISTINCT name FROM users;
Find the unique values. No duplicates.
Altering Tables
In SQL, ALTER TABLE statements can be used to:
Add/Remove Columns
Alter Column Data Types
Rename Columns
Change Table Name
Adding/Removing Columns
To add a column use the following syntax:
ALTER TABLE racers
ADD COLUMN team TEXT;Table being altered
How table is being altered
Column name and data type
Syntax for removing, or dropping, column is the following:
ALTER TABLE racers
DROP COLUMN team;Altering Data Types
The syntax for altering data types is the following:
ALTER TABLE racers
ALTER team
SET DATA TYPE VARCHAR(100);Table being altered
This can also be done in a shorter syntax:
ALTER TABLE racers
ALTER team
TYPE VARCHAR(100);Column being altered
New data type
Renaming Columns/Table
The syntax for renaming a column is the following:
ALTER TABLE racers
RENAME COLUMN team
TO "group";The syntax for renaming a table is the following:
ALTER TABLE racers
RENAME TO bike_racers;Relational Databases and normalization
As your application grows, you will find a need for multiple tables. Each table will have data that another table may find useful. The process of splitting out our data into multiple tables is called normalization.
Piling all of your data into a single table would be be like stuffing all of your clothes into one dresser drawer. You want a swimsuit? Too bad, here is that shirt you've had since 8th grade
Table Relationships
When working with relational databases, one table's data will often relate to another table's data.
There are three main categories of table relationships:
One to One
One to Many
Many to Many
Examples:
1 Person : 1 Driver's License
1 Company : Many Employees
Many Books : Many Authors
One to One
One to One relationships mean one row in one table relates to one row in another table.
One to Many
One to Many relationships mean that one row in one table can relate to many rows in another table.
Many to Many
Many to Many means many rows from one table can relate to many rows from another table.
Joins and/or junction tables are a common approach to handling many to many relationships.
Foreign Keys
So how do we create these table relationships?
Through constraints known as foreign keys.
Foreign keys allow us to reference another table's column, typically a column with a primary key.
CREATE TABLE bikes (
bikeId SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
racerId INTEGER REFERENCES racers(racerId),
type TEXT,
color TEXT
);Table being referenced
Column being referenced
Join Statements
Once table relationships have been created, join statements can be used to collect data from tables that relate to each other.
SELECT *
FROM racers
JOIN bikes ON racers.racer_id = bikes.racer_id;First table to join
How the tables are joining
Second table to join
Subqueries
Subqueries are a queries that rely on an outer query.
A subquery is used to return data that will be used in the main query as a condition to further restrict the data to be retrieved.
They are created by nesting a query within another query like so:
SELECT *
FROM racers
WHERE racerid IN (
SELECT racerid
FROM bikes
WHERE type = 'fezzari'
AND age >= 25
)