Quranic Doctrine of Monotheism: Exclusivity of Allah's Divinity
A second core doctrine of the Quran which appears slightly later than the concept of eschatological judgment is the denial of the existence of any other divine beings other than the one divine creator and judge, Allh.
In contrast, Muhammad (PBUH)'s opponents are quoted as believing in a plurality of "gods" who appear to occupy a subordinate and intermediate status and to function as intercessors, obviating the need for sole reliance on ALLAH.
The clash between its uncompromising monotheism, on the one hand, and the willingness of many of its addressees to countenance a more extended pantheon, on the other, sparks polemical exchanges in which Muhammad's opponents are charged with the sin of "associationism"—that is, of illicitly relying on other beings and associating them with God.
