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Development of

Programming Languages

AP Computer Science: Daniel Zhao

The first computers executed tasks through positions of physical gears

But then came

John von Neumann.

He developed two concepts:

Shared program technique

Conditional control transfer

Same hardware,

different software

Blocks of code executed out of order and branching logical statements, such as if and for

Basic languages

Short code

First programming language

Basic implementation of von Neumann's ideas

1949

1957

Fortran

Basic data types: boolean, int, double

Basic control statements: if, do, goto

1958

LISP

Specific use at MIT: artificial intelligence

No true syntax or data types; still used today

1959

Cobol

Built for businessmen: English-readable code

1958

ALGOL

Foundation for all modern languages

Introduced formal grammar [too complex to explain]

Structured Languages

(Transition Period)

1968

Pascal

More organized and easy to use, incl. debugger

1972

C

Pascal, but better & faster

Object-Oriented Languages

1983

C++

C, made object-oriented

1994

Java

Completely object-oriented [encapsulation, polymorphism, inheritance]

Portable (JVM), designed for modern web

Other languages

Easy to Learn

Basic (1964)

Easy-to-learn language, not OO

Heavily influenced today's Visual Basic (1991)

Python (1991)

Compact, flexible, intuitive, easy to use, can be OO

Others

Perl (1987)

Flexible, general-purpose, can be OO

Objective-C (2001) / Swift (2014)

Object-oriented languages for Apple software

Javascript, PHP, Ruby (1995)

Web dev.

thank you.

http://cs.brown.edu/~adf/programming_languages.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages

http://www.csee.umbc.edu/courses/331/fall08/0101/notes/02/02history.pdf