GIRLSCRIPT  EDUCATION OUTREACH PROGRAM

Programming fundamentals in JS

Day - 2

Variables

So, what are variables?

Variables are used to store values (name = "John") or expressions (sum = x + y).

Declare

Variables!

Not War!

Types of Variables in JS

  • undefined
  • null
  • boolean
  • number
  • string
  • object

All other types of values are objects

let p = undefined;
let q = null;
let x = true;
let y = 10;
let z = "Hello"
let obj = {name: "Rick", lastName: "Sanchez", age: 80, isDead: false};

null vs undefined

myVar; // ReferenceError: myVar is not defined

var myVar;
myVar; //undefined

myVar = 'mine!';
myVar; // 'mine!'

myVar = null;
myVar; // null

Objects

  1. Property Access
  2. Bracket Notation
  3. Dot Notation
  4. Dot vs Bracket
  5. Nested Objects
  6. Object Literals
  7. Iteration
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They are mutable keyed collections.

Arrays, functions, regular expressions, and of course, objects are objects.

Objects can contain other objects.

Assignment

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var newObject = new Object();
var anotherObject = Object.create(null);
    
var empty_object = {};

var flight = { 
        airline: "Oceanic", 
        number: 815, 
        departure: {
            IATA: "SYD", time: "2004-09-22 14:55", city: "Sydney"
        }, 
        arrival: {
            IATA: "LAX", 
            time: "2004-09-23 10:42", 
            city: "Los Angeles"
        }
    };

Assignment

with dots

var box = {};

box.material = "cardboard";

with brackets

var box = {};

box["material"] = "cardboard";

Access

with dots

var box = {};

box.material = "cardboard";

let cb = box.material; //cardboard

with brackets

var box = {};

box["material"] = "cardboard";

let cb = box["material"]; //cardboard

Question?

What is the output?

var box = {};
						
box["material"] = "cardboard";
						
						
var key = "material";
						
box[key]; //What will it return?

Delete

 It will remove a property from the object if it has one.

var obj = {name: "myName"};
obj.name; // "myName"
obj.name = null;
obj.name // null
delete obj.name;
obj.name; // undefined

Reference

Objects are passed around by reference. They are never copied.

var stooge = {nickname: "Moe"}
var x = stooge; 
x.nickname = 'Curly';
stooge.nickname; 
// Curly' because x and stooge are references to the same object

Do's && Don'ts

var box = {};
						
						
box['material'] = "cardboard";
						
var key = 'material';
						
						
box['key']; //undefined
box.key; //undefined						
box[key]; //"cardboard"

Dots

  • strings
  • numbers
  • quotations
  • weird characters
  • expressions

The Rules

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Brackets

  • strings
  • numbers
  • variables
  • weird characters
  • expressions

Iteration

var box = {};
						
box['material'] = "cardboard";						
box[0] = 'meow';
box['^&*'] = "testing 123";


for(var key in box){
  console.log(key); //?? 
}
var box = {};
						
box['material'] = "cardboard";						
box[0] = 'meow';
box['^&*'] = "testing 123";


for(var key in box){
  console.log(box[key]); //?? 
}

Arrays

  • Arrays vs Objects
  • Access && Assignment
  • Native Methods && Properties
  • Iteration

Arrays vs Objects

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Access and Asignment

Array

var box = [];

box[0] = true;
box[1] = 'meow';
box.push({'hello' : 'goodbye'});


var i = 0;

box[i]; // Returns the data stored at 0th index which is -> true
box[1];
box.pop() // Removes the last element in the array

Object

var box = {};

box['size'] = 9;

box['0'] = 'meow';


box['size']; // 9

box[0]; // 'meow'

The

Rules Don't

Change

Iteration(for loop)

Indexes

var box = [];

box['size'] = 9;
box['0'] = 'meow';
box.push('Whoohoo!');

for(var i = 0; i < box.length; i++){		
  console.log(i); //??
}

Values

var box = [];

box['size'] = 9;
box['0'] = 'meow';
box.push('Whoohoo!');


for(var i = 0; i < box.length; i++){
  console.log(box.i); //??
}

Iteration(for each loop)

Indexes

var box = [];

box['size'] = 9;

box['0'] = 'meow';

for(var k in box){

  console.log(k); // ??

}

Values

var box = [];

box['size'] = 9;

box['0'] = 'meow';


for(var k in box){

  console.log(box.k); // ??

}

Native Properties

var box = [];

box['size'] = true;

box['0'] = 'meow';




box.length; //??
var box = [];

box['0'] = 'meow';
box[3] = {'babyBox': true}; 




box['length']; //??
var box = [];

box['0'] = 'meow';
box[1] = 'Whoohooo!';
box[3] = {'babyBox': true};


				
box[box.length]; //??
var box = [];

box['0'] = 'meow';
box[1] = 'Whoohooo!';



box[box.length - 1]; //??

Nesting

first initialize

var box = {};
	
box['innerBox'] = {};

then assign

var box = {};

box['innerBox'] = {};

box['innerBox']['full'] = true;
var box = {};

box.innerBox = {};

box.innerBox.full = true;


var myInnerBox = box.innerBox;
		
myInnerBox; //??
var box = {};

box.innerBox = {};

box.innerBox.babyBox = {};


box.innerBox['babyBox']; //??

box.innerBox['babyBox'].says = "What's up!?";

Control Flow

Block

{
  first statement;
  second statement;
  ...
}

The block statement per se doesn’t change the control flow but is used to group statements. The block is set by a pair of curly brackets.

Break

for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
  if (i === 3) {
    break;
  }
  console.log(i);
}
//excepted output : 0,1,2

Break as the name implies, breaks. Breaks what? Breaks the statement or in normally the cases break the loop.

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Output?

for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
  if(i === 5){
    continue;
  }
  console.log(i);
}

Continue

for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
  if(i === 5) {
    continue; 
  }
  console.log(i);
}
/*excepted output:
0
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9*/

So if break, ends the loop what the continue statement does? That’s right, it jumps the loop in that iteration and continues to the next iteration.
In other words, when the continue condition is met, it will not run or print it and it goes straight to the next iteration.

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Output?

var music = [
"placebo",
"smashing Pumpkins",
"pearl jam",
"ornatos violeta",
"feromona"
];
for (var i = 0; i < music.length; i++) {
  if (music[i] === "ornatos violeta") {
    continue;
  }
console.log(music[i]);
}

if-else

var music = [
"placebo",
"smashing Pumpkins",
"pearl jam",
"ornatos violeta",
"feromona"
];
if (music.includes("placebo")) {
  console.log(true);
} else if (music[0] === "feromona") {
  console.log(false);
} else {
  console.log(okay);
}

switch - case

let name = "professor"
switch (name){
    case "professor":
      console.log("you teach well");
      break;
    case "artist":
      console.log("I like your painting");
      break;
    case "singer":
      console.log("I love your voice");
      break;
    default:
      console.log("what you do?");
  }

So a switch statement is used when you have to use many if statements in the same function for example.

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Loops

Iterative Method

for loop

for loop provides a concise way of writing the loop structure. Unlike a while loop, a for statement consumes the initialization, condition and increment/decrement in one line thereby providing a shorter, easy to debug structure of looping.

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) { 
    condole.log(i); 
}

for-in loop

JavaScript also includes another version of for loop also known as the for..in Loops. The for..in loop provides a simpler way to iterate through the properties of an object. This will be more clear after leaning objects in JavaScript. But this loop is seen to be very useful while working with objects.

var box = {};
						
box['material'] = "cardboard";						
box[0] = 'meow';
box['^&*'] = "testing 123";


for(var key in box){
  console.log(key); //?? 
}

while loop

A while loop is a control flow statement that allows code to be executed repeatedly based on a given Boolean condition. The while loop can be thought of as a repeating if statement.

var x = 1; 


while (x <= 4) {
  console.log(x);
  x++; 
}

do-while loop

do while loop is similar to while loop with only difference that it checks for condition after executing the statements, and therefore is an example of Exit Control Loop.

var x = 1; 


do {
  console.log(x);
  x++;
} while (x <= 4);

Infinite loop

for (var i = 5; i != 0; i -= 2) { 
  console.log(i); 
}

Error handling

try-catch

The try statement allows you to define a block of code to be tested for errors while it is being executed.

The catch statement allows you to define a block of code to be executed, if an error occurs in the try block.

The JavaScript statements try and catch come in pairs

try {
  Block of code to try
}
catch(err) {
  Block of code to handle errors
}
try {

  alert('Start of try runs');  // (1) <--

  // ...no errors here

  alert('End of try runs');   // (2) <--

} catch(err) {

  alert('Catch is ignored, because there are no errors'); // (3)

}
try {

  alert('Start of try runs');  // (1) <--

  lalala; // error, variable is not defined!

  alert('End of try (never reached)');  // (2)

} catch(err) {

  alert(`Error has occurred!`); // (3) <--

}
try {
  lalala; // error, variable is not defined!
} catch(err) {
  alert(err.name); // ReferenceError
  alert(err.message); // lalala is not defined
  alert(err.stack); // ReferenceError: lalala is not defined at (...call stack)

  // Can also show an error as a whole
  // The error is converted to string as "name: message"
  alert(err); // ReferenceError: lalala is not defined
}

Functions

A JavaScript function is a block of code designed to perform a particular task.

A JavaScript function is executed when "something" invokes it (calls it).

function name(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) {
  // code to be executed
}

function myFunction(p1, p2) {
  return p1 * p2;   // The function returns the product of p1 and p2
}


var x = myFunction(4, 3); // 12

function toCelsius(fahrenheit) {
  return (5/9) * (fahrenheit-32);
}

console.log(toCelsius(43)); // 6.11

Classes

// Initializing a class definition
class Hero {
    constructor(name, level) {
        this.name = name;
        this.level = level;
    }

    // Adding a method to the constructor
    greet() {
        return `${this.name} says hello.`;
    }
}

const hero1 = new Hero('Varg', 1);

console.log(hero1.name); // Varg

Object Oriented Approach VS Functional

OOPS

Object-oriented programming based on the main features that are:

  1. Abstraction: It helps in letting the useful information or relevant data to a user, which increases the efficiency of the program and make the things simple.
  2. Inheritance: It helps in inheriting the methods, functions, properties, and fields of a base class in the derived class.
  3. Polymorphism: It helps in doing one task in many ways with the help of overloading and overriding which is also known as compile-time and run-time polymorphism respectively.
  4. Encapsulation: It helps in hiding the irrelevant data from a user and prevents the user from unauthorized access.

Functional

The function can be easily invoked and reused at any point.  It also helps the code to be managed and the same thing or statements does not need to write again and again.

Thank

You!

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