For Loops and the Range Function

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Explain that the 'range' function generates a sequence of numbers
Use the iteration 'for' to process every item in a one-dimensional data structure

Generating Numbers

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How might you go about printing all the numbers from 0 to 100?

You could use a while loop and a counter.

You could simply print them all one at a time in a sequence.

But there is a more efficient way to do it.

count = 1

while count <= 100:
  print(count)
  count = count + 1

The Range Function

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You can use the Python function range().

Range is most commonly used in for loops which you will look at shortly.

Range is a built-in Python function that generates a sequence of integers.

First you need to understand how to use range and what it returns.

Usage

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If you create a variable and assign a range to it, it looks like this:

To be able to see deeper inside, you need to convert the result to a list.

However, if you print ‘nums’, you get:

nums = range(10)

range(0, 10)

nums = list(range(10))

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

Note: it starts at 0 and counts ten digits

Usage parameters

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When using range there are three values that you can enter into the brackets.

Some of these are optional, which means you can leave them out. Python will then use default values.

These are called parameters.

range(start, stop, step)

start - The starting point or first digit (default: 0).

stop - The number of numbers to generate (final value + 1).

step - The number to add each time, e.g. 2 would be every other number (default: 1).

Activity 1

Complete the table to show the output of the range() instruction with different parameters.

Code	Output
range(5)
range(0, 5)
range(1, 9)
range(0, 7)
range(0, 10, 2)
range(11, 88, 11)
range(5, 0, -1)
range(50, 0, -10)
range(0, 10, -10)
range(10, 0)

0, 1, 2, 3, 4

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

0, 2, 4, 6, 8

11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77

5, 4, 3, 2, 1

50, 40, 30, 20, 10

nothing

Making range useful

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The most common use of range is in a for loop.

You saw that such a condition-controlled loop can be used to repeat blocks of code while a condition is true.

You learned previously about generating repetition using while loops.

You can use for and range together to produce a different type of loop that runs a precise number of times – a for loop.

This kind of loop is known as a count-controlled loop.

For loops

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You need a program that can count from 1 to 100 and output that value.

Using a for loop it would look like this:

for num in range(1, 101):
    print(num)

Start at 1 and go up to 100. Remember that the stop is the number after the one you really want.

You may see the letters ‘i’, ‘j’, or ‘k’ used in a for loop. Experienced programmers tend to use one-letter identifiers for variables in situations where the variable will not be used again.

However, you should use an identifier that has meaning in the context of your code, as this will make your code more readable and your logic clear.

Activity 2

Complete the table to show the code and output for combinations of a ‘for’ loop and ‘range’. You can check them in your development environment.

for num in range (3):
    print (num)

for num in range (5):
    print (num * num)

for num in range (11, 88, 11):
    print (num / 11)

for num in range (50, 0, -10):
    print (num * 10)

for num in range(0, 0, -10):
    print(num)

1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0

nothing

0
1
2

For loops and lists

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You can use a for loop to iterate over a list.

This means that you can look at or perform an operation on each item in that list one at a time.

This is incredibly useful and is a very commonly used technique in all programming languages.

Let’s see how it is done.

For loop and list example

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You have a list of items. You want to print every item in the list, in sequence.

You can iterate over the list and print each item in turn like so:

Notice that ‘item’ has been used instead of ‘i’ for the iterator variable.

What will happen when this program is run?

colours = ["red", "blue", "green", 
           "yellow", "blue", "black", "orange"]

for item in colours:
    print(item)

Example output

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Is this what you expected?

red
blue
green
yellow
blue
black
orange

For loops and flowcharts

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You saw before that there is no ‘while loop’ symbol in a flowchart.

What did you have to use instead?

You used a decision and a path that looped back.

There’s no ‘for loop’ symbol in flowcharts, either.

What do you think is used instead?

Let’s look at an example that shows the algorithm for printing colours stored in a list.

Flowchart

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This is the flowchart that performs the same action as the Python code you’ve just seen.

You can see the arrow looping back to the decision. This represents the iteration.

Once the end of the list is reached, the program ends.

Any number of instructions can be performed inside the loop.

The number of loops is exactly the same as the length of the input list.

Activity 3

Here is a list of fruit. A program is required that will display the first three letters of each fruit name. When finished, the program should display ‘Fruit Salad!!’

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "grape", "lemon", "melon", "orange"]

These are the flowchart symbols for the algorithm to implement this program.

Activity 4

Here is the code for a program that finds and displays the average size in a list of sizes.

sizeList = [1, 36, 11, 38, 35, 40]
total = 0

for size in sizeList:
    total = total + size
averageSize = total/len(sizeList)
print (averageSize)

Draw the corresponding flowchart.

Activity 5

Here is an existing program.

colours = ["red", "blue", "green", "yellow", "blue", "black", "orange"]

for item in colours:
    print(item)

Predict the output of this program.
Copy and paste or load the code into your development environment. Run the code.
Did it behave as you predicted? Why or why not?
Add another ‘for’ loop to print the colours, but use range() to generate an index for each item.
Add another ‘for’ loop to print the colours in reverse order, using range() to generate an index for each item.

Activity 5

Here is an existing program.

colours = ["red", "blue", "green", "yellow", "blue", "black", "orange"]

for item in colours:
    print(item)

Predict the output of this program.
Copy and paste or load the code into your development environment. Run the code.

red
blue
green
yellow
blue
black
orange

Activity 5

Here is an existing program.

colours = ["red", "blue", "green", "yellow", "blue", "black", "orange"]

for item in colours:
    print(item)

Predict the output of this program.
Copy and paste or load the code into your development environment. Run the code.
Did it behave as you predicted? Why or why not?

Activity 5

Here is an existing program.

colours = ["red", "blue", "green", "yellow", "blue", "black", "orange"]

for item in colours:
    print(item)

Predict the output of this program.
Copy and paste or load the code into your development environment. Run the code.
Did it behave as you predicted? Why or why not?
Add another ‘for’ loop to print the colours, but use range() to generate an index for each item.

colours = ["red", "blue", "green", "yellow", "blue", "black", "orange"]

for item in colours:
    print(item)
    
for index in range (0, len(colours)): #alternative non-pythonic method
    print (colours[index])

Activity 5

Here is an existing program.

colours = ["red", "blue", "green", "yellow", "blue", "black", "orange"]

for item in colours:
    print(item)

Add another ‘for’ loop to print the colours, but use range() to generate an index for each item.
Add another ‘for’ loop to print the colours in reverse order, using range() to generate an index for each item.

colours = ["red", "blue", "green", "yellow", "blue", "black", "orange"]

for item in colours:
    print(item)

for index in range (len(colours) - 1, -1, -1):
    print (colours[index])

Review

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Explain that the 'range' function generates a sequence of numbers.
- Range generates a series of integers from start to stop.
- It can include a step to ‘skip’ numbers out.
Use the iteration 'for' to process every item in a one-dimensional data structure.
- For loops are count controlled.
- Used with ‘range’ ‘for’ produces a loop that runs a specific number of times.
You can also use ‘for’ to loop through an array.