What it means to be

Cloud Native

Lee Calcote

November 2018

calcotestudios.com/talks

from containers to functions

Electrical and Computer Engineering

The University of Texas at Austin

Introduction to Container Networking

http://calcotestudios.com/talks

http://calcotestudios.com/techsummit-over-under

Lee Calcote
October 2017

Electrical and Computer Engineering

The University of Texas at Austin

eth0

eth1

container

network namespace

Host

l0

loopback 0

host network namespace

Lee Calcote

linkedin.com/in/leecalcote

@lcalcote

gingergeek.com

lee@calcotestudios.com

clouds, containers, functions, applications, and their management

calcotestudios.com/talks

github.com/leecalcote

Meshery

visit layer5.io for more

service mesh playground

Now Available

compliments of NGINX

gingergeek.com

What is Cloud Native?

Containerized. Each part (applications, processes, etc) is packaged in its own container. This facilitates reproducibility, transparency, and resource isolation.
Dynamically orchestrated. Containers are actively scheduled and managed to optimize resource utilization.
Microservices oriented. Applications are segmented into microservices. This significantly increases the overall agility and maintainability of applications.

@lcalcote

Missing: functions, unikernels, other? Needs pivoted to describe principles.

@lcalcote

Development Process

Application Architecture

Deployment and Packaging

Application Infrastructure

Agile

Waterfall

DevOps

N-Tier

Monolithic

Microservices

Cloud

Containers

Physical Servers

Virtual Servers

Data Center

Hosted

Evolution to Cloud Native

λ

Functions

Serverless

Events

SRE

(Unikernels)

bare metal

AND

virtual machines

AND

containers

AND

unikernels

AND

functions

the future is AND not OR

@lcalcote

We hold these truths to be self-evident...

From Engines to Orchestrators

@lcalcote

Disclaimer: I'm a Docker Captain and organize Docker Austin.

450+
Docker EE customers

27B

Container downloads

200+

Docker Meetups

Containers are the “Fastest Growing Cloud Enabling Technology”

- 451 Research

"By 2020, more than 50% of global organizations will be running containers in production."

- Gartner

15K

Job listings on LinkedIn

3.5M

Dockerized Apps

System Containers

Like a VM
Full OS image
Multiple processes

Application Containers

Single process

Use namespaces to deal with resource isolation for a single process.
Use cgroups to manage resources for a group of processes.

Similarities:

@lcalcote

Types of Containers - Cloud Native way

[k uh n- tey -ner]

[ awr -k uh -streyt-or]

Definition:

@lcalcote

Core

Capabilities

Cluster Management
- Host Discovery
- Host Health Monitoring
Scheduling
Orchestrator Updates and Host Maintenance
Service Discovery
Networking and Load-Balancing
Stateful services
Multi-tenant, multi-region

Additional

Key Capabilities

Application Health & Performance Monitoring
Application Deployments
Application Secrets

@lcalcote

Nomad Architecture

@lcalcote

Docker Swarm 1.11 (Standalone)

Docker Swarm Mode 1.12 (Swarmkit)

@lcalcote

+

Kubernetes Architecture

@lcalcote

Mesos Architecture

@lcalcote

A high-level perspective of the container orchestrator spectrum.

@lcalcote

Microservices

The more, the more merrier?

Benefits

The first few services are relatively easy

Democratization of language and technology choice

Faster delivery, service teams running independently, rolling updates

@lcalcote

Challenges

The next 10 or so may introduce pain

Language and framework specific libraries

Distributed environments, ephemeral infrastructure, out-moded tooling

Which is why...

I have a container orchestrator, right?

@lcalcote

The "layer 5" challenge

What do we need?

• Observability

• Logging
• Metrics
• Tracing

• Traffic Control

• Resiliency

• Efficiency
• Security

• Policy

@lcalcote

a Service Mesh

What is a Service Mesh?

a dedicated layer for managing service-to-service communication

@lcalcote

so, a microservices platform?

obviously.

Orchestrators don't bring all that you need

and neither do service meshes,

but they do get you closer.

Missing: application lifecycle management, but not by much

partially.

a services-first network

Missing: distributed debugging; provide nascent visibility (topology)

Istio

An open platform to connect, manage, and secure microservices

@lcalcote

Observability
Resiliency
Traffic Control
Security
Policy Enforcement

istio.io

github.com/istio

@IstioMesh

Observability

is what gets people hooked on service metrics

@lcalcote

Goals

Metrics without instrumenting apps
Consistent metrics across fleet
Trace flow of requests across services
Portable across metric backend providers

You get a metric! You get a metric! Everyone gets a metric!

Traffic Control

control over chaos

@lcalcote

Traffic splitting
- L7 tag based routing?
Traffic steering
- Look at the contents of a request and route it to a specific set of instances.
Ingress and egress routing

Resilency

Systematic fault injection
Timeouts and Retries with timeout budget
Circuit breakers and Health checks
Control connection pool size and request load

content-based traffic steering

Istio Architecture

@lcalcote

Control Plane

Data Plane

Touches every packet/request in the system. Responsible for service discovery, health checking, routing, load balancing, authentication, authorization and observability.

Provides policy and configuration for services in the mesh.

Takes a set of isolated stateless sidecar proxies and turns them into a service mesh.

Does not touch any packets/requests in the system.

Istio Architecture

@lcalcote

Pilot

Auth

Mixer

Control Plane

Data Plane

istio-system namespace

policy check

Foo Pod

Proxy sidecar

Service Foo

tls certs

discovery & config

Foo Container

Bar Pod

Proxy sidecar

Service Bar

Bar Container

Out-of-band telemetry propagation

telemetry

reports

Control flow during request processing

application traffic

application namespace

telemetry reports

Functions

λ

But why?

Increasing focus on business logic

Decreasing concern (and control) over infrastructure implementation

Bare metal

VMs

Containers

Functions

Faster start-up times
Better resource utilization
Finer-grained management
Splitting up the monolith

VM

λ

The Promised Land

No compute cost when idle.

Flexible and precise scaling.

No provisioning, updating, and managing server infrastructure.

@lcalcote

with a few caveats

When to Use

Asynchronous, concurrent, easy to parallelize into independent units of work
Infrequent or has sporadic demand, with large, unpredictable variance in scaling requirements
Stateless, ephemeral, without a major need for instantaneous cold start time
Highly dynamic in terms of changing business requirements that drive a need for accelerated developer velocity

consider serverless when your workload is...

Serverless

Pain

Points

What is a Unikernel?

A library operating system

application

openGL

gtk

iconv

libgmp

libz

libstd++

libgcc

libc

kernel

libtls

a way of cross-compiling (existing) applications down to very small, lightweight, secure virtual machine

@lcalcote

application

Microservices are (intended to be) small, self-contained, single-purpose applications.

Unikernels cannot handle multiple processes, so forking is not allowed.

Unikernels can handle threads.

Are single user, but who needs multiple users?

Can statically link data into application.

Immutable Infrastructure

enforced

@lcalcote

Unik - Unikernel Compiler and Deployment

What is the CNCF?

Foster growth and evolution of ecosystem
Promote underlying technologies
Provide stewardship for projects
Make technologies accessible and reliable

@lcalcote

Disclaimer: I'm a Cloud Native Ambassador and TOC Contributor

a vendor-neutral foundation to...

170 Members

@lcalcote

Annual Report 2017

cncf.io

Projects

...a community of open source projects, including Kubernetes, Envoy and Prometheus.

Kubernetes and other CNCF projects are some of the highest velocity projects in the history of open source.

@lcalcote

Cloud Native Interactive Landscape

Cloud Native Landscape

@lcalcote

Disclaimer: I organize the Austin CNCF meetup.

KubeCon + CloudNativeCon Attendees

Members of CNCF Meetups

@lcalcote

Cloud Native Trail Map

Working Groups

@lcalcote

Formed in June 2017 at the request of CNCF Technical Oversight Committee (TOC)
Asked for state of tech/community & recommendations for possible involvement
Most key Serverless players involved
IBM, VMWare, Google, Red Hat, Huawei, Microsoft, SolarWinds, Docker, iguazio, Amazon, MasterCard, Pivotal, Serverless Inc., Clay Labs, The New Stack, A Cloud Guru, Platform9, Bitnami, Auth0, and Hyper

Serverless WG

@lcalcote

Describes & defined Serverless
Highlights promising use cases and areas where functions have already proven value
Differentiates Serverless from PaaS and Container Orchestration
Describes the mechanics of a generic Serverless system
Identifies potential future "harmonization" the WG could look at