Mumbai
Lynda, Derrick, Luigi, Marilynn
Climate
• Mumbai's weather is hot and humid throughout the year.
• Mumbai experiences a maritime climate that features three main seasons; monsoon, summer and winter.
• Its coastal nature and tropical location ensures temperatures won't fluctuate much throughout the year.
Mumbai Climate Graph
Monsoon Season
From June till September Mumbai goes through monsoon season. The season is responsible for the deposition of more than Mumbai's total yearly precipitation; around 71 inches. June is marked by thunderstorms and often windy conditions as the monsoon establishes itself over Mumbai. The average high stands around 80°C .
Winter
From December till early March Mumbai weather remains enjoyable. January is considered as the coolest month of the year with mean daily minimum being 61 °F and mean daily maximum being 84 °F. The season witnesses a great level of sunshine. In fact, it is the best season to visit Mumbai.
Summer
During summer, Mumbai weather becomes somewhat intolerable with high temperatures and humidity. October is the hottest month of the year with temps more than 91°F. However, as the season progresses, the temperature continues to drop gradually as November sees not more than 68 °F of average low. The season receives infrequent rainfall.
Climate Events
2014
• July: Mumbai recorded the all-time highest rain of 56 inches for the month of July, which broke the record from 1965.
• September: The city recorded 99 F as the maximum temperature on the 29th, breaking the all time high recorded in 1972.
• November: Mumbai recorded 98F as the maximum temperature on the 3rd, also setting a new record.
• This year, Mumbai is hotter and has received more rainfall than average.
Monsoon of 2005
• The city of Mumbai was hit with India's heaviest downpour of the century in July 2005, killing nearly 1,000 people. According to the Indian Meteorological department, it was the heaviest ever rainfall received in a single day, anywhere in India recording 94.4 cm (37 inches) in the last 100 years.
Direct Impacts
•The rain water caused the sewage system to overflow and all water lines were contaminated.
• Thousands of animal carcasses floated in the flood water for days, raising serious concern about disease.
•The financial cost of floods was unprecedented and these floods caused a stoppage of entire commercial, trading, and industrial activity for days; damage cost well over $100 million.
Scientific Findings
•http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-010-9979-2
A whole scientific report that discusses how climate change in the Southeast Asia will be an increased risk/act as a factor in future disasters for the area, such as similar flood like in 2005.
http://www.uncclearn.org/sites/www.uncclearn.org/files/inventory/WHO44.pdf#page=46
A report that covers how costly climate change will be to the city of Mumbai and how devastating it will be on the economy of Mumbai.
Scientific Findings
Unicef Reports
Following the 2005 flooding in Mumbai, UNICEF had volunteers in the city trying to fight diseases in the affected parts of Mumbai
Flooding due to heavy rains and little drainage in the city
Other general flood relief in the area at the time
Plans for the Future
IPCC
•According to the IPCC, India is the most vulnerable country because it houses 33% of the world’s poorest people
•Upgrading the drainage system in Mumbai, losses associated with flooding could be reduced by 70%
•Implement policies to promote public transportation, walking and cycling to decrease the city's carbon footprint.
Plans for the Future
•Installing automatic rain gauges (ARG) to record real time rainfall data
•Upgrading current Cyclone Detection Radar (10) and Storm Detection Radars (5)
•Purpose for these installations is to increase the reliability of data gathering for records and for preventative programs
WMO
•In coordination with the India Meteorological Department, the first phase was the installation of 1350 ARG and the second phase was for an upgrade to 2250 ARG by 2012
•Establish a National Weather Radar Operation Center (NWROC) in New Delhi (underway)
Plans for the Future
Mumbai
•The city of Mumbai has a contingency plan named the Disaster Risk Management Master Plan (October 2005)
–Consists of flood control (cites the flood of July 2005 where 5,000+ people died, food and supplies were contaminated)
•Enhancement of advanced monitoring and warning systems to warn Mumbai’s nearly 13 million residents
Plans for the Future
India
•National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) outlined existing and future policies
•8 core “national missions”
–Solar
–Enhanced energy efficiency
–Sustainable habitat
–Water
–Sustaining Himalayan ecosystem
–“Green India”
–Sustainable agriculture
–Strategic knowledge on climate change
University Plans
"The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is developing a Memorandum of Understanding with the University of Mumbai, India, to establish a Center or Sustainable Development. The Center will focus on energy production and conservation, water, food and energy, green building, and rural human health and livelihood. The University of Illinois and the University of Mumbai will collaborate for the Center to develop joint educational, cultural, and research activities involving the exchange of faculty members and advanced graduate students."
Future Assessment
•India has been the spotlight at the UN meeting in Lima
•India may be preparing to make a pledge to reduce carbon emissions
•A policy document has been put in place and waiting to be signed at the UN conference next year in Paris
Works Cited
https://rrkelkar.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/kelkar-understanding-extreme-weather-events.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3168167/
http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Mumbai-weather-averages/Maharashtra/IN.aspx
•http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3168167/
•http://www.wri.org/blog/2013/04/5-keys-sustainable-development-indian-cities
•http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-12-09/india-counts-climate-costs-above-100-billion-at-un-talks
•http://www.c2es.org/international/key-country-policies/india/climate-plan-summary
https://icap.sustainability.illinois.edu/project/joint-center-sustainable-development-mumbai-university