• quasi standard in open and proprietary GIS
  
• requiered files:
  
• .shp - geometry
• .shx - link between data and geometry
• .dbf - stores data
• contains vector features
• points
• lines
• polygons
• Berlin districts: ~1MB

• used by Google Maps, Google Earth, Here Maps
  
• most GIS support KML
• XML-sytnax
  
• contains features
• place marks
• images
• polygons
• 3D models 
• textual descriptions
• Berlin districts: ~1.6MB

• <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
  <kml xmlns="http://www.opengis.net/kml/2.2">...
  <Document id="Ortsteile_region">...<name>Ortsteile_region</name>
  <Placemark id="ID_00000">
  <name>Mitte</name><MultiGeometry>
   <Polygon>
   <coordinates>13.37362286299343,52.52791796547066,0 13.37364518620253,52.52792475364288,0 13.37365435328787,52.52791569606663,0 13.37366296142388,52.52791930937661,0 13.37366822862658,52.5279121307976,0 13.37382440080229,52.5277002744215,0 13.37383713712033,52.52768340550835,0

{
"type": FeatureCollection",                                                                      
"features": [{ 
	"type": "Feature", 
	"id": 0, 
	"properties": { "Name": "Mitte"}, 
	"geometry": { 
		"type": "Polygon", 
		"coordinates": [ [ [ 13.40352847102303, 52.54021229004892, 0.0 ], [ 13.404195042442391, 52.540401557443609, 0.0 ], [ 13.40470464073112, 52.540187628057957, 0.0 ], [ 13.405134295149891, 52.539286920086013, 0.0 ]
... 

• Extension of GeoJSON
  
• Very small filesize
• New Feature: Topology
• works with a boundary mesh rather than seperated polygons
  
• "uses fixed-precision delta-encoding for interger coordinates" [9]
• Berlin districts: ~150kB

• global standard for cartography and navigation
• position information for the earth and space 
  
• current  standard: "WGS 84 : EPSG:4326"
• used by GPS

• map locations of a sphere to a plane
  
• no projection without distortion
• mapping with the help of a plane,cylinder or cone