• Born in 1896 in Western Russia
  
• Graduated with Law in Moscow at Institute of Psychology
  
• He expanded his ideas on cognitive development especially relationship between language and thinking.
  
• He argued that language is most important toll of society and focused on social, cultural factors in cognition.
  
• He died of tuberculosis in 1934.
  

1. Culture is determinant of human development.
   
2. Child’s cultural development is on two level-social and individual
   
3. Interaction between people leads to development and culture provides tool to help them have view of world
   
4. Language is crucial toll in determining how child will learn in process of cognitive development.
   
5. Children learn gradually through interaction with teachers and parents.
   
6. Children play an active role in learning.
   

• Role of language.
  

• More knowledgeable others.
  

• Zone of Proximal Development.
  

• Focus also on private speech.
  
• As child develops language develops
  
• Language is made possible due to culture as through social process.
  
• Even infant has pre verbal stage of development
  

“The child begin to perceive words not through his eyes but through his speech, And later it’s not just seeing but acting that becomes informed by words.”

Three stages are

Social speech-talking to others

Egocentric speech-private speech

Inner speech-soundless speech used by older children and adults.

Its changes and grows as we develop. Has two functions-Elementary and Higher mental functions

• Elementary: possess from birth. Natural abilities to do things.
  
• Higher Mental:develop from being social and interaction.Gradually shaped with course of time and more interaction.
  

Passed From One Person To Another Via Three Tools.

1. Imitative Learning: copying others
   
2. Instructed learning:instruction from teachers help to self regulate.
3. Collaborative learning: group of people work to learn a skill and understand each other.

Refers to teachers, basically someone who have better understanding of particular subject and task.

ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT

Distance between actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and protential developemnt as determined by problem solving under guidance.

Represents learning possible by student by proper instructional conditions.

• Scaffolding: Instructors shows how to solve problem while controlling the learning environment so child can take things to next level in steps without frustration and expanding the knowledge.
  

       For example: Telling child how about you turn it this way so          you can have better look of it.

• Reciprocal Teaching: open dialogue between teacher and student which goes beyond questions and answers.
  

                                                                   

• Children construct their own knowledge.
  

• Development cannot be separated from social context.
  

• Learning and development are interrelated.
  

• Language plays major role in mental development.
  

• Curriculum : Children learn though interaction. More emphasize on interaction between learner and learning tasks.
  
• Instruction: Scaffolding effective way of teaching when children are unable to task own their own.

• Method of learning through interaction children talk to each other when something curious is there even it leads to loud classroom.

• Assessment: Assessing if child can do task by himself or needs guidance.
  
• Learning though play major element of current early childhood education.
  

Essa, Eva, and Rosemary Young. 2003. Introduction to Early Childhood Education 3rd edition. Ontario: Nelson Education Ltd.

Gallagher, C. (1999, May). http://www.muskingum.edu. Retrieved from www.muskingum.edu: http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/vygotsky.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org. (n.d.). Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky

http://www.childdevelopmentmedia.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.childdevelopmentmedia.com: http://www.childdevelopmentmedia.com/play-the-work-of-lev-vygotsky/

http://www.education.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.education.com: http://www.education.com/reference/article/early-childhood-development/

                                                                                                              references  continue

http://www.goodtherapy.org. (2013, September 17). Retrieved from www.goodtherapy.org: http://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/lev-vygotsky.html

Leichsenring, A. (n.d.). http://www.edarticle.com/articles/34923. Retrieved from www.edarticle.com: http://www.edarticle.com/articles/34923/the-influence-of-piaget-and-vygotsky-on-everyday-elementary-classroom-teaching-and-learning.php#.U74IlZRdWm4