Security Fundamentals

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edition

What is security?

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A state of being free from threat or danger

Definition of "security" by Lexico.com

https://www.lexico.com/definition/security

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The state of being protected against the criminal or unauthorized use of electronic data, or the measures taken to achieve this.

Definition of "cybersecurity" by Lexico.com

https://www.lexico.com/definition/cybersecurity

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It's all about your data

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Once it's gone, it's lost

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How do you protect your data

Who can you trust?

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You close the door and authenticate

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  1. Something you know

  2. Something you have

  3. Something you are

Step 1

Passwords

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Passwords are keys

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Each site or service has a lock

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When you get
more locks...

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...you need more keys

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And it never ends...

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...ever...

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How many passwords have you memorised?

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How many times have you used the same password?

123456
123456789
​qwerty
​password
​1111111
​12345678
​abc123
​1234567
​password1
​12345
​1234567890
​123123
​000000
​Iloveyou
​1234
​1q2w3e4r5t
​Qwertyuiop
​123

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Humans vs Machines

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Speed of calculation

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Correctness of action

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Capacity of memory

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Brute-force

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  1. 'a', 'b', 'c'...
  2. 'aa', 'ab', 'ac'...
  3. 'aaaaaaaa', 'aaaaaaab'...

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  1. Try all words alone
  2. Try all combinations of 2 words
  3. Try all combinations of N words
  1. Try the most common passwords
  2. Try the most common words
  3. Try the most common variants

What makes a
good password?

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  1. How many different symbols? :: n
  2. How many symbols in total? :: L

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Number of combinations

L

n

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  • Letters, digits, and 10 symbols :: n = 72
  • Easy to memorize :: L = 10
  • Combinations: 3.74 x 10^18
  • 2-core CPU @ 2.0 GHz: 2 days

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  • Lowercase letters only :: n = 26
  • Very long :: L = 50
  • Combinations: 5.61 x 10^70
  • 2-core CPU @ 2.0 GHz: 1.62 x 10^56 days

Size matters more

How to make
good password?

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Make it random

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Humans memorise stupid shit easily

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Make it unique

How do you memorise all those passwords?

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You don't

Meet LastPass

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A randomly generated password for each service

Memorise a single password to unlock them all

Your life in two passwords:

  • E-mail
  • Password manager

What if this fails?

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Two-factor authentication

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  1. Login with password
  2. Prove you have a device with you

What if even this fails?

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Encrypt anything

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