Japan and the West
Manga - Anime - TV
Outline
- History of Cartoons
- Development of 'Comics'
- Animated Films
- Development of TV
- Japan's TV Exports
Da Vinci's 'Cartoon'
The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist, or,
The Burlington House Cartoon
Leonardo da Vinci, c1500?
Charcoal and, black and white chalk drawing on paper.
Cartoons
"Punch has the benevolence to announce, that in an early number of his ensuing Volume he will astonish the Parliamentary Committee by the publication of several exquisite designs, to be called Punch's Cartoons!"
(Punch, June 24, 1843)
Cartoon: originally meaning an artist's preparatory drawing done on stiff paper (carton='card')
Cartoons
Japan Punch (1862-87)
Founded and published by Charles Wirgman, also tutored early Meiji artists.
Also taught English to (later) Admiral Heihachiro Togo, the "Nelson of the East"
Puck (1871-1903)
Emoticons, 1881
Tokyo Puck
1905 - 1915
Many cartoons by
Kitazawa Rakuten
Manga 漫画
Shiji no yukikai
四季(時)行交
1798
山東京伝
Santo Kyoden
http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2534277/8
Hokusai Manga
Katsushika Hokusai
1760?-1849
Europe
Rodolphe Töpffer
1799-1846
From 1827, produced seven illustrated stories with pages divided into frames. First to be published (1833) was his Histoire de M. Jabot.
US's first comic book?
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/digital/collections/books/ocn259708589/ocn259708589.html?mswitch-redir=classic
The Adventures of Mr. Obadiah Oldbuck (publ. 184?)
Kitazawa Rakuten (1876-1955)
• Japan's first professional cartoonist/manga-ka
• Worked on "Box of Curious", "Jiji Manga", "Tokyo Puck".
• Influenced by other foreign cartoonists such as Australian, Frank Nankivell.
• Cartoons with political and social comment.
Kitazawa Rakuten
1928 Tonda Haneko Jo
「とんだはね子嬢」
Okamoto Ippei
Initially employed (1912) as a 'manga kisha' (cartoon reporter) at Asahi Shimbun, recommended by Natsume Soseki.
1929: Collection of his cartoons sold more than 50,000 copies
1932: European trip
Established 'Ippei-juku' to train manga artists.
Early Comics
1897: The Katzenjammer Kids
First use of 'speechbubbles"
Longest running comic series
• Created by Rudolph Dirks, drawn by Harold H. Knerr
• American Humorist, Sunday supplement of New York Journal newspaper
Early Comic Books
Paris, 1929
Tokyo, 1931
Norakuro
US, 1934
Manga & Comics
Tanku Tankuro (1934)
Action Comics
Superman (1938)
(Very) Early animation
http://video.mit.edu/watch/history-of-animation-3391/
1900: J. Stuart Blackton directs and stars in...
The Enchanted Drawing
...assisted and encouraged by Thomas Edison
Gertie the Dinosaur (1914)
Meanwhile, in Japan...
Imokawa Mukuzo Genkanban no maki
「芋川椋三玄関番の巻」
• Released(?) early 1917, this may have been Japan's first 'anime'.
Produced by the Tenkatsu Studio who employed well-known manga artists Shimokawa Hekoten(Sadanori) to develop animated films which could compete with foreign imports.
Historical materials have been lost so this is controversial.
Namakura-katana
Released in June 1917
Again drawn by Shimokawa, a pupil of Kitazawa Rakuten.
Walt Disney
1922: Working at Laugh-o-grams animation studio
1923: Founds Disney Studio
1928: Steamboat Willie (3rd Mickey Mouse feature becomes a commercial success)
This was the first real animated 'talkie', it had a 'fully produced' soundtrack with music and speech.
Around the World
Animated feature films were produced worldwide from 1917...
1917: Quirino Cristiani, Argentina
1926: Lotte Reininger, Germany
1930: Ladislas Starevich, France (rel.1937)
1935: Aleksandr Ptushko, USSR
1936: Umberto Spano, Italy
1937: Walt Disney, US - Snow White
Many different techniques tried, stop-motion (puppet), cut-outs, silhouette, 'traditional' cel animation...
Television
Mechanical television: in development in various countries (Germany, US, UK, Japan, Russia etc) from late c19.
Demonstrated publicly in 1925.
Electronic television: various experiments with CRTs and image formation from late c19. Experiments and research worldwide.
First CRT display: 25 Dec, 1926. Takayanagi Kenjiro of Hamamatsu Industrial High School
Broadcasting
Sept 1929: BBC starts experimental low-definition broadcasting
2 Nov 1936: first 'normal definition' television broadcasts from Alexandra Palace in north London
• Improved cameras used for live outside broadcast in November 1937
• BBC broadcast apx. 4 hrs/day 1936-9
"Do you remember me?"
1 Sep 1939: WW2 interrupts BBC television broadcasts...
7 Jun 1946: announcer Jasmine Bligh greets viewers and programming continues...
TV in the US
General Electric (GE) and RCA involved in various television broadcasting experiments through 1930s.
RCA subsidiary NBC officially started regular broadcasting to NY are on 30 April 1939. LA by June.
Estimated TV audience at end of 1939: 5-8000 (2000 sets)
End of 1947: 44,000 TV sets in the US (production was suspended 1942-5)
Japan
NHK: established state broadcaster, repositioned as 'independent' by 1950 Broadcast Law
NTV: first commercial broadcaster to be granted a licence under new law.
Regular TV broadcasts in 1953: Feb, NHK; Aug, NTV
High price of receivers (imported) impedes uptake.
Shoriki Matsutaro (正力松太郎)
The Father of ...
Baseball
Television
Nuclear Power
CIA connection: Operation Podalton
May have included funding (US$10m) for setting up of NTV.
Early programming
Plenty of imported feature films
News
Live drama
Rakugo
Music: Classical and Jazz
1956: Superman
By 1960 Japanese audiences had the tv on for an average of 3hrs11minutes a day.
Early animation
Popeye from 1959
High audience ratings for an animated series: 33.7%
Tetsuwan Atomu
1963-1966
Fuji Network
Audience Ratings>40%
Exporting
NBC: 1963-197?
TV Exports Business
Japan's TV export business is worth apx. JPY10bn/year (US$81.6m)
%
anime
drama
'variety'
Overseas Markets
%
Asia
N.America
Europe
Regional Variations
http://www.soumu.go.jp/iicp/chousakenkyu/data/research/survey/telecom/2014/2014broadcasting-contents-exp-1summary.pdf
Next time...
Philosophy and Thought