JavaScript
Asynchronous Programming

Lecturer: 土豆

Date: 2019/12/1

大綱

  • Synchronous vs. Asynchronous
  • Callback
  • Promise
  • Async / Await
  • 實作Time

測試環境

  • Windows 10
  • Chrome
  • Node.js (10.15.3)

Synchronous

Asynchronous

vs.

Synchronous

等餐點 

點餐

取餐

客人A

客人B

客人C

客人A

等餐點 

點餐

取餐

走人!

客人B

走人!

客人C

走人!

菜好囉!

Asynchronous

AJAX

Request A

waiting

send request

data processing

Done!

Request B

Request C

Done!

Done!

基底HTML

待會都會用這個HTML來測試

<!-- index.html -->

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <title>Asyncccccccc</title>
</head>
<body>
    
    <script src="change_this.js"></script>  <!-- 改這裡!! -->
</body>
</html>

Callback

在那古早的時代...

// callback.js

const posts = [
    {title: 'Post One', body: 'This is post one'},
    {title: 'Post Two', body: 'This is post two'}
];

function getPost() {
    setTimeout(() => {
        let output = '';
        posts.forEach((post, index) => {
            output += `<li>${post.title}</li>`;
        });
        document.body.innerHTML = output;
    }, 1000);
}

function createPost(post) {
    setTimeout(() => {
        posts.push(post);
    }, 3000);
}

createPost({title: 'Post Three', body: 'This is post three'});

getPost();

先跑跑看，跟你預期的有沒有一樣

Post Three去哪了?

因為沒有同步好

getPost

createPost

3s

1s

Render!

Create!

這時候就需要Callback了

getPost

createPost

3s

1s

Render!

Create!

Callback

Callback Function

當createPost完成後，再呼叫getPost

修改成callback版本

// callback.js

const posts = [
    {title: 'Post One', body: 'This is post one'},
    {title: 'Post Two', body: 'This is post two'}
];

function getPost() {
    setTimeout(() => {
        let output = '';
        posts.forEach((post, index) => {
            output += `<li>${post.title}</li>`;
        });
        document.body.innerHTML = output;
    }, 1000);
}

function createPost(post, callback) {
    setTimeout(() => {
        posts.push(post);

        callback();
    }, 3000);
}

createPost({title: 'Post Three', body: 'This is post three'}, getPost);

如果createPost的時間是亂數
需Reload兩次，且順序可能亂掉

const posts = [
    {title: 'Post One', body: 'This is post one'},
    {title: 'Post Two', body: 'This is post two'}
];

function getPost() {
    setTimeout(() => {
        let output = '';
        posts.forEach((post, index) => {
            output += `<li>${post.title}</li>`;
        });
        document.body.innerHTML = output;
    }, 1000);
}

function createPost(post, callback) {
    setTimeout(() => {
        posts.push(post);
        console.log(posts);
        callback();
    }, Math.random()*1000);
}

createPost({title: 'Post Three', body: 'This is post three'}, getPost);
createPost({title: 'Post Four', body: 'This is post four'}, getPost);

可以這樣寫

// callback_hell.js

const posts = [
    {title: 'Post One', body: 'This is post one'},
    {title: 'Post Two', body: 'This is post two'}
];

function getPost() {
    setTimeout(() => {
        let output = '';
        posts.forEach((post, index) => {
            output += `<li>${post.title}</li>`;
        });
        document.body.innerHTML = output;
    }, 1000);
}

function createPost(post, callback) {
    setTimeout(() => {
        posts.push(post);
        console.log(posts);
        callback();
    }, Math.random()*1000);
}

createPost({title: 'Post Three', body: 'This is post three'}, () => {
    createPost({title: 'Post Four', body: 'This is post four'}, () => {
        getPost();
    })
});

如果你想要create Three ~ Ten

讓我們有請!!!

Callback Hell!!!!

// callback_hell.js

const posts = [
    {title: 'Post One', body: 'This is post one'},
    {title: 'Post Two', body: 'This is post two'}
];

function getPost() {
    setTimeout(() => {
        let output = '';
        posts.forEach((post, index) => {
            output += `<li>${post.title}</li>`;
        });
        document.body.innerHTML = output;
    }, 1000);
}

function createPost(post, callback) {
    setTimeout(() => {
        posts.push(post);
        console.log(posts);
        callback();
    }, Math.random()*1000);
}

createPost({title: 'Post Three', body: 'This is post three'}, () => {
    createPost({title: 'Post Four', body: 'This is post four'}, () => {
        createPost({title: 'Post Five', body: 'This is post five'}, () => {
            createPost({title: 'Post Six', body: 'This is post six'}, () => {
                createPost({title: 'Post Seven', body: 'This is post seven'}, () => {
                    createPost({title: 'Post Eight', body: 'This is post eight'}, () => {
                        createPost({title: 'Post Nine', body: 'This is post nine'}, () => {
                            createPost({title: 'Post Ten', body: 'This is post ten'}, () => {
                                getPost();
                            })
                        })
                    })
                })
            })
        })
    })
});

波動拳!!!

同場加映

by 一年前的我

https://github.com/SIRLA-FJULIS/sirla-fjulis.github.io/blob/master/JS/typing_terminal.js

所以promise就誕生了

Promise

ES6時代

function promise_func(){
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        const error = false;
        if (!error) {
            resolve('done!');
        } else {
            reject('Error!');
        }
    });
}

promise_func().then(value => {console.log(value)});

/*
promise_func()
    .then(value => {console.log(value)})
    .catch(err => {console.log(err)});
*/

基本架構

function return Promise物件

resolve: 成功時回傳 

reject: 失敗時回傳

then: 成功時接收到resolve的值並執行
catch: 失敗時接收到reject的值執行

使用Promise物件

// promise.js

const posts = [
    {title: 'Post One', body: 'This is post one'},
    {title: 'Post Two', body: 'This is post two'}
];

function getPost() {
    setTimeout(() => {
        let output = '';
        posts.forEach((post, index) => {
            output += `<li>${post.title}</li>`;
        });
        document.body.innerHTML = output;
    }, 1000);
}

function createPost(post) {
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        setTimeout(() => {
            if (typeof(post) !== "object") {
                reject("Wrong data type!");
            } else {
                posts.push(post);
                resolve("done");
            }
        }, 3000);
    });
}

createPost({title: 'Post Three', body: 'This is post three'})
    .then(getPost)
    .catch(err => {console.log(err)});

改成promise版本

// promise_chain.js

const posts = [
    {title: 'Post One', body: 'This is post one'},
    {title: 'Post Two', body: 'This is post two'}
];

function getPost() {
    setTimeout(() => {
        let output = '';
        posts.forEach((post, index) => {
            output += `<li>${post.title}</li>`;
        });
        document.body.innerHTML = output;
    }, 1000);
}

function createPost(post) {
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        setTimeout(() => {
            if (typeof(post) !== "object") {
                reject("Wrong data type!");
            } else {
                posts.push(post);
                resolve("done");
            }
        }, Math.random()*1000);
    });
}

createPost({title: 'Post Three', body: 'This is post three'})
.then(() => createPost({title: 'Post Four', body: 'This is post four'}))
.then(() => createPost({title: 'Post Five', body: 'This is post five'}))
.then(() => createPost({title: 'Post Six', body: 'This is post six'}))
.then(() => createPost({title: 'Post Seven', body: 'This is post seven'}))
.then(() => createPost({title: 'Post Eight', body: 'This is post eight'}))
.then(() => createPost({title: 'Post Nine', body: 'This is post nine'}))
.then(() => createPost({title: 'Post Ten', body: 'This is post ten'}))
.then(getPost).catch(err => {console.log(err)});

promise chain

callback hell的promise版本

如果用node.js跑，請先

npm install node-fetch --global

然後在程式碼加上

const fetch = require('node-fetch');
// fecth_something.js

let data = fetch("http://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users").then(res => 
    res.json()
).then(value => 
    console.log(value)
);

看一點生活上的例子

fetch是瀏覽器提供的api，所以請在瀏覽器上跑

fetch會幫我們跟伺服器要資料

Async / Await

ES7時代

基本架構

// async_await_basic.js

// 前面一樣要有一個回傳promise物件的函數
function promise_func(){
    return new Promise((resove, reject) => {
        const error = true;
        if (!error) {
            resove("Done!");
        } else {
            reject("Error!");
        }
    });
}

// 但是在處理這個promise物件時，可以不用then來處理，改成async/await
(async () => {
    let value = await promise_func();
    console.log(value);
})();

// errer handler版本
/*
(async () => {
    try {
        let value = await promise_func();
    } catch(e) {
        console.log(e);
    }
    
    console.log(value);
})();
*/

async加在function前面

await只能在async的function內使用

async內部的await會依序執行，外部則不受影響

處理promise的另一種方式

others

async

wait

execute

IIFE(Immediately Invoked Function Expression)

宣告一個函式之後就馬上執行

// iife_demo.js

(function iife_func(){
    console.log("Yo ho!");
})();

// 加上參數
(function hello(name){
    console.log(`Hello ${name}`);
})('Sam');

// arrow function version
// 箭頭函數版本，當你硬是要有個function又不想幫它取名時
(() => {
   console.log('Yo hoooooo!'); 
})();

IIFE(Immediately Invoked Function Expression

  • 當你硬是需要一個函數，但是用完即丟時就可用IIFE
  • async一定要加在function之前，所以我們需要IIFE
  • IIFE內的變數不會汙染外部
// async_await.js

const posts = [
    {title: 'Post One', body: 'This is post one'},
    {title: 'Post Two', body: 'This is post two'}
];

function getPost() {
    setTimeout(() => {
        let output = '';
        posts.forEach((post, index) => {
            output += `<li>${post.title}</li>`;
        });
        document.body.innerHTML = output;
    }, 1000);
}

function createPost(post) {
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        setTimeout(() => {
            if (typeof(post) !== "object") {
                reject("Wrong data type!");
            } else {
                posts.push(post);
                resolve("done");
            }
        }, 3000);
    });
}

(async () => {
    try {
        await createPost({title: 'Post Three', body: 'This is post three'});
    } catch(e) {
        console.log(e);
    }
    getPost();
})();

改改我們的post程式

看起來又更簡單了

// async_await_not_hell.js

const posts = [
    {title: 'Post One', body: 'This is post one'},
    {title: 'Post Two', body: 'This is post two'}
];

function getPost() {
    setTimeout(() => {
        let output = '';
        posts.forEach((post, index) => {
            output += `<li>${post.title}</li>`;
        });
        document.body.innerHTML = output;
    }, 1000);
}

function createPost(post) {
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        setTimeout(() => {
            if (typeof(post) !== "object") {
                reject("Wrong data type!");
            } else {
                posts.push(post);
                resolve("done");
            }
        }, Math.random()*1000);
    });
}

(async () => {
    try {
        await createPost({title: 'Post Three', body: 'This is post three'});
        await createPost({title: 'Post Four', body: 'This is post four'});
        await createPost({title: 'Post Five', body: 'This is post five'});
        await createPost({title: 'Post Six', body: 'This is post six'});
        await createPost({title: 'Post Seven', body: 'This is post seven'});
        await createPost({title: 'Post Eight', body: 'This is post eight'});
        await createPost({title: 'Post Nine', body: 'This is post nine'});
        await createPost({title: 'Post Ten', body: 'This is post ten'});
    } catch(e) {
        console.log(e);
    }
    getPost();
})();

再來改改callback hell

看起來一點都不hell了呢

// async_await_fetch_something.js

(async () => {
	let res = await fetch("http://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users");
	res = await res.json();
	console.log(res);
})();

來改改fetch程式

// ...

if (event.text.includes("喵喵講話")){
  (async () => {
    const result = await web.chat.postMessage({
      text: '話。',
      channel: event.channel,
    });
  })();

// ...

看點實際案例

SIRLA幫手喵

https://github.com/SIRLA-FJULIS/sirla_helper_bot/blob/master/index.js

這邊使用了async / await處理傳送訊息的函式

實作Time

一周天氣

  • 取得台北市公開資料的一周氣象資訊
  • 將未來一周台北市的天氣以列表呈現在網頁上
  • hint1: 在網址後加上 &limit=10 可以限制結果數量
  • hint2: 要用regular expression才能處理的像我這麼漂亮

參考步驟

  1. 先看看資料長怎樣 (用瀏覽器送request)
  2. 嘗試fetch看看，拿到的資料格式是甚麼，想辦法拿到你要用的那個部分
  3. 想辦法把日期以及天氣抓出來
  4. 把資料拼起來，寫到網頁上

hint: 一天有兩次預報(0點到6點、6點到18點)，任選一個即可

解答

(async () => {
	let res = await fetch('https://data.taipei/opendata/datalist/apiAccess?scope=resourceAquire&rid=e6831708-02b4-4ef8-98fa-4b4ce53459d9&limit=14');
	let data = await res.json();
	data = data.result.results;

	let weathers = '';
	for (let [i, d] of data.entries()) {
		if (i % 2 !== 0){
			weathers += `<li>${d.startTime.match(/\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}/)}: ${d.parameterName1}</li>`;
		}
	}

	document.body.innerHTML = weathers;
})();

參考資料

謝謝聆聽

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