In what ways does music function as an important part of culture in Southwest Louisiana?
Mardi Gras Boys, photo by Gabrielle Savoy.
Gumbo, by Mark Miller, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
30+ minutes
Cracklins!, photo by Donna B. Cooper. Flikr.
Acadian to Cajun Mural, by Jerome Ford. St. Landry Parish Visitor Center.
Although culture is a very difficult concept to define, it is generally understood as an umbrella term that encompasses the social behavior and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.
Cajun & Zydeco Word Cloud, by Gisele Hernandez. Smithsonian Folkways Recordings.
Three important aspects of Cajun/Creole culture that are frequently intertwined are food, dance, and music.
What do these things have in common?
. . . bring people together!
The intersection of music, food, and dance is the fabric of Cajun and Creole cultures.
Crawfish Eating Contest, Louisiana Folklife. Louisiana Office of Tourism.
Text
Cracklins (Fried Pork Rind), photo by Jimmy Emerson, CC Y 2.0, Flikr.
Smoked Boudin Blanc, by Nsaum75, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Louisiana Crawfish, photo by Rob Hingle. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
Homemade Jambalaya, photo by Mark Miller. CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Previously in this pathway (Lesson 1), we used food (gumbo specifically) as a metaphor for music in Southwest Louisiana.
Just like a gumbo (which is a unique combination of spices and flavors), the music of Southwest Louisiana is a rich combination of cultural influences and musical flavors.
People gather together to play music while a gumbo cooks; it takes all day.
Creole Mardi Gras, photo by Nicholas R. Spitzer. Louisiana Folklife.
In Southwest Louisiana, cooking a gumbo is about more than just preparing a meal.
Cooking a gumbo is a way feed an entire community . . . it becomes an event!
Do you recognize the tune?
Since food is such an important part of culture in Southwest Louisiana, it is often referenced in Cajun and zydeco music.
As you listen to this audio example, think about these questions:
What food references do you hear?
This song references jambalaya, crawfish, and gumbo.
Out West, cover art by Wayne Pope. Arhoolie Records.
This track was recorded in 1973 by zydeco great, Clifton Chenier.
This song is essentially a cover of Hank Williams's hit song “Jambalaya” (originally the melody in the traditional Cajun tune, “Grand Texas”), where Chenier simply plays with the lyrics and themes slightly.
. . . provides another example of how food, music, and dance are deeply intertwined in Southwest Louisiana.
A boucherie is an all-day event that involves killing, butchering, cooking, and eating a pig.
Cracklins!, photo by Donna B. Cooper. Flikr.
The boucherie typically ends with a dance and music.
Lakeview Boucherie, by Herb Roe. CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
The pig is killed in the morning.
The rest of the day is spent cooking.
The people use every part of the pig for something different – boudin sausage, cracklings, hogs head cheese, etc.
Not a piece of the hog goes to waste . . . this is a metaphor for the Cajun way of life.
This is the primary reason why most songs have either a two-step or waltz rhythm.
Where there is food and music (e.g. at a boucherie), there is almost always dance as well.
Cajun and zydeco music is social music: it is meant for people to play and dance together.
Families would move all of the furniture out of a room in their house and have everyone in their neighborhood over to play music and dance.
It all began with Cajun house dances . . . called “bals de maison.”
These were just what the name sounds like . . . dances held in the houses of community members.
Fais Do-Do is a term often used synonymously for a Bals de Maison (house dance) – although sometimes a “Fais Do-Do" would be held at a small public community center.
Untitled, photo by Russell Lee. Library of Congress.
“Do-Do” is a mutation of the French verb for “sleep” - dormir
These dances became known as fais do-do's because mothers would bring their children along with them to the dances and put them down to sleep in the next room while they danced and enjoyed the music.
Corner of Dance Hall Reserved for Checking on Children While the Parents Enjoy Fais Do-Do Dance, photo by Russell Lee. Library of Congress.
Literally, the term fais do-do means “go to sleep” in French.
Fais Do-Do Dance, Cajun Girls Crowley LA, photo by Russell Lee. Library of Congress.
What do these lyrics tell you about the role of dance in Cajun and Creole culture?
Listen to this recording of the popular song “J’ai Été au Bal,” (I Was at the Ball) while following along with the lyrics/translation.
Learn how to dance a Cajun waltz!
Cajun Social Music. Cover design by Nancy Jean Anderson, photograph by Philip Gould. Smithsonian Folkways Recordings.
"Convict Waltz," recorded by Walter Mouton & The Scott Playboys
30+ minutes
The Cajun Swing, cover design by Ronald Clyne. Folkways Records.
Mardi Gras, by Max Spivak. Smithsonian American Art Museum.
It is the last hoorah before repenting.
Left: Mardi Gras Headdress. Below: Mardi Gras Beads. Unknown artists. Anacostia Community Museum.
Mardi Gras is based on the ancient tradition of “carnival” - the celebration leading up to the beginning of Lent.
It ends on the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday (“Fat Tuesday” is the literal translation of “Mardi Gras”).
Marseille Carnival Sun and Moon, by Say-Mars-Say-Yeah, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. (Marseille, France)
Above: Mardi Gras Dakar, by Ji-Elle, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons. (Dakar, Senegal) Right: Panorama do sambódromo da Marquês de Sapuca, by Gresasc, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. (Rio, Brazil)
Right: Orange Carnival Masqueraders in Trinidad, by Jean-Marc /Jo BeLo/Jhon-John from Caracas, Venezuela, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons. (Trinidad and Tobago)
Every year, thousands of people flock to New Orleans during this time to watch the famous parades, attend masquerade balls, dance in the streets, and catch (and wear) green, gold, and purple beads.
Mardi Gras Day 2019 in New Orleans, by Infrogmation of Orleans, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
The Mardi Gras celebration in New Orleans is among the most famous in the world.
Originally, this hat was meant to poke fun at the traditional hats of the Catholic pope and clergy.
The Mamou Mardi Gras Men's Run 1993, by Maida Owens. Louisiana Folklife.
Mardi Gras is also an important cultural event in Southwest Louisiana . . . but the celebration is quite a bit different than in New Orleans.
People commonly dress up for the event in a specific costume (usually with a pointy hat and a mask).
During these runs they chase chickens to make a gumbo with later.
Courir Run 2010, by Herb Roe, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
On Mardi Gras Day (Fat Tuesday), many Cajuns participate in an event called the “Courir de Mardi Gras” (“Mardi Gras Run”).
People dress up and go from house to house asking for a small donation from their neighbors.
They then donate this money to charity.
In Creole culture, Mardi Gras is celebrated similarly.
Mamou Masked Riders, by John W. Schulze. CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Clip from Jolie Louisiane, by the Louisiana Educational Television Authority. Louisiana Digital Media Archive.
What is different than other Cajun and zydeco songs you have heard?
The traditional “Mardi Gras Song” is sung for the entire season (about two weeks) by Cajuns and Creoles alike.
Listen to a short excerpt from a recording of this song.
“Mardi Gras Song,” recorded by Dewey and Tony Balfa, and Tracy and Peter Schwarz
“The Mardi Gras Song” is in a minor key.
Listen again . . .
Discuss:
Does the minor tonality change the “feel” of a song? In what ways?
The use of a minor tonality helps to convey the message of this song . . . According to Dewey Balfa, participants are actually “praying or begging through the melody.”
Dewey Balfa, unknown artist. Smithsonian Folkways Recordings.
According to Cajun great Dewey Balfa, this song is about “begging”:
Although the exact lyrics vary from town to town, they generally tell the story of the “Courir de Mardi Gras” (asking for money for charity and food for the gumbo, chasing the chicken, etc.).
As you listen, make note of the ways in which music elements and expressive qualities are used (e.g., what instruments do you hear? Style . . . is this Cajun or zydeco? How about the tempo? Time/rhythm? Melody?).
SAMPLE 1: Dewey Balfa
SAMPLE 2: The Pine Leaf Boys
SAMPLE 3: Beausoleil
Next, you will listen to and analyze three different versions of “The Mardi Gras Song.”
Some factors that influence our personal preferences for music include:
As you completed the previous exercise, you might have noticed that you liked one arrangement of this song better than the others.
Perhaps your favorite arrangement differs from those of people sitting around you.
Complete the “Personal Preferences Worksheet.”
What factors can affect our personal preferences for music?
In what contexts is “The Mardi Gras Song” sung in Southwest Louisiana?
30+ minutes
Basile Mardi Gras, by Maida Owens. Louisiana Folklife.
“The Mardi Gras Song” is commonly sung at events during the entire Mardi Gras season in Southwest Louisiana.
Listen, while following along with the lyrics/translation.
Next, discuss the meaning of this song.
"The Mardi Gras Song," recorded by the Savoy-Doucet Cajun Band
Although the lyrics can vary from one interpretation to the next, they usually tell the story of the “Courir de Mardi Gras”:
Courir de Mardi Gras, by Herb Roe. CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
What is the time structure?
Can you tap/clap along?
Do you hear any repeated rhythmic patterns?
Can you tap/clap them?
Can you use the pronunciation guide to practice speaking the French lyrics?
Can you sing along with the recording (using the French lyrics)?
Can you hum along with the melody?
Can you try it without the recording?
Students might also:
Play or sing the melody, keep steady time on a percussion instrument, or create and play a rhythmic ostinato.
Consider making a video or audio recording of your performance or performing it for a live audience (perhaps even during the Mardi Gras season).
Create (and perform) your own class arrangement of “The Mardi Gras Song.”
This song has three chords (A minor, E minor, and G Major) and is perfect for students for students who are learning to play the guitar or ukulele.
Audio courtesy of
Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
Video courtesy of
Louisiana Digital Media Archive
Images courtesy of
Anacostia Community Museum
The Arhoolie Foundation
Donna B. Cooper
Library of Congress
Louisiana Folklife
Smithsonian American Art Museum
Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
Gabrielle Savoy
St. Landry Parish Tourist Commission
© 2022 Smithsonian Institution. Personal, educational, and non-commercial uses allowed; commercial rights reserved. See Smithsonian terms of use for more information.
This Lesson was funded in part by the Grammy Museum Grant and the Smithsonian Youth Access Grants Program, with support from the Society for Ethnomusicology and the National Association for Music Education.
For full bibliography and media credits, see Lesson 10 landing page.