Lesson 8
Visualising and Analysing
Time-Oriented Data
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Content
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Characteristics of time-series data
- Classic ways of graphing time
- Time-series data patterns
- Time-series data visualisation techniques
- Interactive techniques for time-series data visualisation
Characteristic of time-series data
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
Characteristic of time-series data
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
Characteristic of time-series data
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
Characteristic of time-series data
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
Classic Ways of Graphing Time
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
Image from Playfair’s Commercial and Political Atlas (1786) representing imports and exports of England from 1700 to 1782 via a line plot. The yellow line on the bottom shows imports into England and the red line at the top exports from England. Color shading is added between the lines to indicate positive (light blue) and negative (red; around 1781) overall balances.
Source: Playfair and Corry (1786).
Classic Ways of Graphing Time
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
Information rich chart of William Playfair that depicts the weekly wages of a good mechanic (line plot at the bottom), the price of a quarter of wheat (bar graph in the center), as well as historical context (timeline at the top) over a time period of more than 250 years.
Source: Playfair (1821).
Classic Ways of Graphing Time
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
Bump Chart shows rank of the most populous cities at each census: 1790-1890
Classic Ways of Graphing Time
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
Record of the Weather in New York City for December, 1912. The bold line indicates temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. The light solid line shows wind velocity in miles per hour. The dotted line depicts relative humidity in percentage from readings taken at 8 a.m. and 8 p.m. Arrows portray the prevailing direction of the wind. Initials at the base of the chart show the weather conditions as follows: S, clear; PC, partly cloudy; C, cloudy; R, rain; Sn, snow.
Classic Ways of Graphing Time
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
Phillips curve. Unemployment rate (horizontal axis) is plotted against inflation rate (vertical axis). Each point in the plot corresponds to one year and is labeled accordingly. The markers of subsequent years are linked to create a visual trace of time.
Source: Adapted from Tufte
(1997, p. 60).
Time-series Patterns
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Trend
- Variability
- Rate of change
- Co-variation
- Cycles
- Exceptions
Time-series Patterns: Trend
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
Time-series Patterns: Trend
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
Time-series Patterns: Variability
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
Time-series Patterns: Rate of change
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
Time-series Patterns: Cycles
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
Time-series Patters: Co-variation
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
Time-series Patterns: Exceptions
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Working with reference line
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Working with reference region
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Analytical time-series chart: Control chart
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Application of control chart
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Analytical time-series chart: Candlestick chart
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Interpreting candlestick chart
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Interpreting candlestick chart
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Interpreting candlestick chart
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
Challenge I: Visualising Change between Two Points in Time
- Classic bar chart method
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
Challenge I: Visualising Change between Two Points in Time
- Slope graph method
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Classic line graph method
Challenge II: Visualising cyclical patterns
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Cycle plot method
Challenge II: Visualising cyclical patterns
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- sunburst graph method
Challenge II: Visualising cyclical patterns
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
Challenge III: Visualising massive time-series data
- Classic line graph method
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Horizon graph method
Challenge III: Visualising massive time-series data
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- The basic construct of a horizon graph
Challenge III: Visualising massive time-series data
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- The data
Challenge IV: Visualising distribution over time
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Boxplot method
Challenge IV: Visualising distribution over time
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- To show values that combine to form a whole compare to one another and the whole change through time
Challenge V: Part-Whole relationship
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Classic pie chart method
Challenge V: Part-Whole relationship
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Stacked bar chart method
Challenge V: Part-Whole relationship
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 7: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Stacked area graph method
Challenge V: Part-Whole relationship
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 7: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Multiple line graph method
Challenge V: Part-Whole relationship
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 7: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Stream graph
Challenge V: Part-Whole relationship
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 7: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Calendar View
Alternative Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 7: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Heatmap-based method
Alternative Time-series Data Visualisation Techniques
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
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Highlighting
Interaction Support
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
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Filtering
Interaction Support
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
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Slider
Interaction Support
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
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Pointing
Interaction Support
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
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Animated ternary chart
Visualising changes over time
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
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Animated bubble plot (motion chart)
Visualising changes over time
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
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Animat star plot
Visualising changes over time
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
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Real-time horizon graph
Visualising changes over time
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
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Aggregate to various time interval.
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Viewing time periods in context.
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Grouping related time intervals.
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Using related time intervals.
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Using running averages to enhance perception of high-level patterns.
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Omitting missing values from a display.
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Optimising a graph’s aspect ratio.
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Using logarithm scales to compare rates of change.
Time-Oriented Data Visualisation Best Practices
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
- Overlapping time scales to compare cyclical patterns.
- Using cyclical plots to examine trends and cycles together.
- Combining individual and cumulative values to compare actuals to a target.
- Shifting time to compare leading and lagging indicators.
- Stacking line graphs to compare multiple variables.
- Expressing time as 0-100% to compare asynchronous processes.
Time-Oriented Data Visualisation Best Practices
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
R package for creating interactive time-series data visualisation
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
R Shiny Applications
ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications
Lesson 8: Visualising and Analysing Time-Oriented Data
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