Al - Andalus

Spread of Islam

After Muhammad died (632)

Islamic Empire expanded

with HOLY WARS called JIHAD

Conquered territories

were called

CALIPHATES

Ruled by a different family/dynasty

the political and religious ruler

was called a CALIPH

In 711AD

The Islamic Empire invaded and conquered the Iberian Peninsula.

ISLAM the Empire

ORTHODOX Caliphate (632-661)

capital MEDINA

Conquered Arabian Peninsula, Persia, Egypt. Fought against the BYZANTINES

ISLAM the Empire

UMAYYAD Caliphate (661-750)

capital DAMASCUS

Expanded through Northern Africa, conquered the Iberian Peninsula

ISLAM the Empire

ABBASID Dynasty (750-1258)

capital BAGHDAD

Internal fighting weaken Empire

Began to lose territories

BAGHDAD

8th Century

Visigoths

kingdoms

were divided

Visigoth Kingdoms

were constantly fighting

King Roderic

Witiza Family

Witiza family asked

Musa (Berber governor)

and

his general

Tariq ibn Ziya

for help

but they

didn't give the victory

to the Witiza family

Continued fighting

other

Visigothic kings

Musa and Tariq defeated Roderic

in the Battle of Guadalete.

...except for

Christian Kingdoms

in North

In four years,

the Berber tribes

occupied

most of the

Iberian Peninsula...

AL-ANDALUS

Dependent Emirate (province)

on CALIPHATE OF DAMASCUS

The capital was

Córdoba

714-750

Independent Emirate 756- 929CE

Abbassids killed most of the Ummayad family

and moved the capital to Baghdad

Al Andalus became independent politically

but recognised the religious authority

of Caliph (king) in Bagdad

Abd-al-Rahman I

escaped to Al Andalus

Took power

Became EMIR (governor)

OF CÓRDOBA

912-976

Abd-al- Rahman III

stopped internal revolts

united the Muslims

Fighting between

Christians and Muslims

Abd-al-Rahman III

claimed himself the CALIPH

both religious and political leader of the Caliphate of Córdoba

The Caliphate of Córdoba

929-1031

The Jewel of Europe

CÓRDOBA

the most important city

in

Medieval Europe

click for subtitles

Córdoba

929-1031

https://youtu.be/uJPq9Ah9EA0

Córdoba

929-1031

watch until 6:00

Caliphate of Córdoba

ruled Al-Andalus with

a Hayib = prime minister

Viziers = ministers

represented the provinces

Walis = governors

who controlled the provinces

In 976, Hisham II, eleven years old,

became Caliph

He attacked and devastated

the Christian Kingdoms

in the North

Al Mansur (a general)

ruled the government

Hisham II's name

Slow decline of Al Andalus

In 1031

Caliphate of Córdoba

divided into TAIFAS

or small kingdoms

Death of Al Mansur in 1002CE

Muslims paid the Christians

Parias

some

Muslim kingdoms

became

VASSALS

to the

Christian kings

to stop their attacks

Almoravids and Almohads

Berber tribes from the

North of Africa

Went to Iberian Peninsula

to help Muslims

fight against

the constant attacks from the

Christian kingdoms

Almoravids

stopped the Christian advances
reunited Al Andalus

fought against Christian armies
controlled part Al-Andalus

Almohads

11th century

12th Century

Christians united and defeated the Almohads at the Battle of las Navas de Tolosa in 1212

DECLINE OF AL-ANDALUS

Nasrid Kingdom of Granada

13th - 15th Century

Last Muslim kingdom on the

Iberian Peninsula

was a VASSAL

of Kingdom of Castile

Catholic Monarchs

Ferdinand and Isabel

conquered

the

NASRID KINGDOM OF GRANADA

in 1492

formed by

ARABs

From Saudi Arabia
Minority
Had best land
- and political power

Society in Al-Andalus

BERBERs

From North Africa
Less privileges than Arabs
Often rebelled

Muladies

Christians accepted the Islam language, traditions and religion
didn't pay taxes

Mozarabes

Christians lived with Muslims but didn't adopt their religion
often moved to the Northern Christian kingdoms
paid taxes to Muslims

Minority
Lived separately from Christians and Muslims
Usually bankers

and merchants

JEWS

MUSLIM CITIES

New Irrigation Methods

1)Agriculture

ECONOMY

New Crops

ALCACHOFAS

2) Craftwork

Exported - craftwork

Imported - gold and slaves (from Africa)