Early Middle Ages
Unit 1
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Emperor CONSTANTINE
Moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire
Small kingdoms formed in the Western Roman Empire
- GERMANIC TRIBES
Visigoths
Suevi, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Saxons/Angles
- Byzantine Empire / Eastern Roman Empire
- Islamic Empire
(410-711CE)
They invaded Western Roman Empire
and created Germanic Kingdoms
VISIGOTHS and FRANKS came looking for FERTILE LAND and BETTER CLIMATE
Coast of Baltic Sea,
South Scandinavia,
Northern Germany
and Denmark
In 4th Century - Tribes from the North came from...
Germanic Migrations
Small kingdoms formed in the Western Roman Empire
Visigoths
Suevis,
Ostrogoths,
Vandals,
Saxons/Angles
Roman Emperor Honorius
asked Visigoths
to expel the SUEVIs, VANDALs and ALANs
from the Iberian Peninsula
Visigoths
Sack of Rome in 410CE
Roman Emperor Honorius
gave the VISIGOTHS
most of the Iberian Peninsula and
Aquitaine in France
Visigoths
Capital - TOULOUSE
Visigoths acted as representatives
for the Romans
FRANKS wanted access to the Mediterranean Sea
so
pushed the VISIGOTHS
out of AQUITANE
Visigoths early 6th Century
They moved the capital to TOLEDO
Visigoths Glorious Period 509CE to 620 CE
KING LEOVIGILD expanded the Visigothic Kingdom
His son RECCARED made the kingdom CHRISTIAN
King Recceswinth
unified the laws
In the 7th Century
Internal fighting
between the different
Visigothic kingdoms
In 711CE Visigothic Kingdom disappeared
after the Muslim invasion of the Iberian Peninsula
San Pedro de la Nave, Campillo, Zamora
One of the most important
Visigothic Churchs
San Pedro de la Nave, Campillo, Zamora
Germanic Kingdoms
Franks / Carolingian Empire Early 6th Century
Early 6th Century CE
Franks expelled VISIGOTHs from Aquitane/southeast Gaul
Because they wanted
access to the
Mediterranean Sea
However, ...
By the middle of the 7th Century,
the Frankish kings were weak and lazy
so
they gave most of the power to the
MAYORS OR THE PALACE (mayordomos)
one of the most important was...
CHARLES MARTEL
(nicknamed - the hammer)
He defeated the Muslim invasion from the Iberian Peninsula
in Battle of Tours (732AD)
stopping Muslims from invading Frankish kingdom
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In 751 - Pope Zachary crowned him
King of the Franks
youngest son of Charles Martel
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Charles Martel's grandson
In 768 - crowned
King of the Franks
He wanted to
restore the
Western Roman Empire
so he...
Invaded and conquered LOMBARDS in Italy
Fought and converted SAXONs to Christianity
Conquered AVARS in Austria and Hungary
Took territories in Switzerland, and Iberian Peninsula
Charlemagne
1. Divided into counties and marches (borders)
2. United all the Germanic people
by
converting them to Christianity
and
educating them
and
educating them
Charlemagne
In 800, Pope Leo III crowned him HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR
Louis the Pious
Charlemagne’s son
In 814-840 King of the Franks
and
Emperor of the West
Charlemagne crowned
his son king
Signed the
TREATY OF VERDUN
Dividing the empire
into three kingdoms.
IMPORTANT
beginning of modern-day
France, Germany and Italy
In 843 -
Louis the Pious's
three sons
Charles, Louis and Lothair
Palatine Chapel
Aachen, Germany
Palatine Chapel
When did they start to build the cathedral?
How high is the central dome?
Why was the dome above the altar octagonal?
What does the Statue of Charlemagne have in his hand?
What do these things represent?
The Byzantine Empire
395 - 1453CE
The Eastern Roman Empire
/ Byzantine Empire
Capital - Constantinople
Justinian and,
his wife,Theodora
527-565CE
The Byzantine Empire
They ruled the government, army and religious leaders together.
they invaded and conquered
ITALY,
IBERIAN PENINSULA
and NORTH AFRICA
Like Charlemagne,
they wanted to rebuild the Roman Empire
so...
Justinian and his wife, Theodora
They dominated the Mediterraneean Sea
and controlled trade between
East and West
Justinian recuperated, modernized and
documented on paper Roman Laws
The Justinian Code
This document
was called
"INNOCENT UNTIL
PROVEN GUILTY"
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sofia
The most important church in the Byzantine Empire
Built in 5 years (532-537CE)
during Justinian reign
Why did the church change
into a mosque (mezquita) ?
What happened to the mosaics?
What changed when the Hagia Sofia
became a mosque, and why?
watch the video and
answer the questions
After JUSTINIAN died
traditions and religion changed
EAST -WEST SCHISM in 1054CE
GREEK replaced LATIN
as the official language
BYZANTINE / Greek Orthodox CHURCH separated from the ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH
because they didn't recognize the POPE's authority
the OTTOMAN TURKS conquered CONSTANTINOPLE
ending the BYZANTINE EMPIRE
In 1453, almost 1000 years
after its beginning...
Fall of the Byzantine Empire
Fall of the Byzantine Empire
In c.7th-8th MUSLIMS conquered the Mediterranean coast from Syria to Palestine
VISIGOTHS expelled Byzantines from IBERIAN PENINSULA
After Justinian death in 565CE
the Byzantine Empire began to lose territories
In c.6th C
LOMBARDS invaded ITALY
Islamic Empire
the Religion
- Each tribe was polytheistic
- Constantly fighting
- Shared MECCA as their holy land
Started in Arabian Peninsula
Arabs lived in tribes
Islamic Empire
Who was MUHAMMAD???
Rich merchant from Mecca
Knew about JUDAISM
and CHRISTIANITY
Spoke about a NEW monotheistic religion - ISLAM
Proclaimed himself prophet of ALLAH ( God in Islamic)
Islamic Empire
the Religion
In 622CE
Muhammad escaped to MEDINA
WHY?????
Rich people of Mecca
were against his teachings
is the HEGIRA
the first year
of the Muslim calendar
Islamic Empire
the Religion
In Medina, Muhammad...
Created an army
Returned to MECCA and conquered it in 628CE
Unified different tribes under one religion
Islamic Empire
the Religion
Islamic religion spread
throughout
the ARABIAN PENINSULA
Unified polytheistic tribes
under one religion...
ISLAM
Koran
Holy book of Islam
- Mohammad is the the prophet of the only god - ALLAH
- Pray five times a day
- Pilgrimmage to MECCA once
- Fast during RAMADAN
- Help the poor
FIVE OBLIGATIONS
ISLAM the Empire
Empire spread
by conquering territories
through holy wars or JIHADS
First 4 Caliphs - direct descendents of MUHAMMAD
CALIPH ruler of Empire
CALIPHATE territory
ruled by the CALIPH
The MECCA
ISLAM the Empire
ISLAM the Empire
ORTHODOX Caliphate (632-661) capital MEDINA
conquered Syria, Palestine, Persia, Egypt. Fought against the BYZANTINES
ISLAM the Empire
UMAYYAD Caliphate (661-750) capital DAMASCUS
Expanded through Northern Africa, conquered the Iberian Peninsula
ISLAM the Empire
ABBASID Dynasty (750-1258) capital BAGHDAD
Internal fighting weaken the Empire
13th Century the TURKS
became the most powerful in the region
Islamic Society
Created libraries in CORDOBA,
CAIRO and BAGHDAD
Cultivated music and poetry
Islamic Society
GREAT MERCHANTS
TRADED...
gun powder, the compass and the astrolabe from India and China to Europe
Cloth and spices to Asia
Ivory, gold and slaves from Africa
Metals from Europe
Islamic Society
GREAT SCIENTIST, MATHEMATICIANS and INVENTORS
Introduced the ZERO, Arabic numbers and algebra
Developed advanced SURGERY and ANESTHESIA techniques
Invented the WATERWHEEL, new IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES and new CROPS - rice, oranges and saffron