Intelligence has been defined in many different ways including as one's capacity for logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, planning, creativity and problem solving. It can be more generally described as the ability to perceive information, and retain it as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.
Artificial Intelligence refers to systems that simulate intelligence. The focus is to create systems that give the appearance of human-like intelligence
Focused on the result no matter what method is used to achieve it.
Computational Intelligence focuses on creating systems that "think" in the same way that humans think.
Focused on the way the machine will process information.
The purpose of AI is to get computers to show characteristics of Human intelligence which may include:
learning, problem solving, creativity, understanding, planning, logic.
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-the-computer-beat-the-go-master/
http://deepdreamgenerator.com/
An Artificial Intelligence applied to a specific knowledge domain. Can do one thing very well.
Relatively simple tasks.
This AI plays Rock Paper Scissors.
Learning Computers modify their knowledge base and their inference engine based on experience.