What are Cajun music and zydeco and where do they come from?
Louisiana Serenade, by Romare Bearden. Smithsonian American Art Museum.
20+ minutes
Gumbo, by Mark Miller, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Discussion Question:
What is the first thing that comes to your mind when you think of Louisiana?
Louisiana in United States, by TUBS, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Additional discussion questions:
Has anyone ever eaten GUMBO?
What is gumbo, and what typically goes in it?
Gumbo is a type of soup: A rich and spicy combination of flavors (peppers, onion, celery, chicken, sausage and/or shellfish, okra, and rice, all held together by a dark and thick stock called a "roux”).
Cutting Squash (Leah Chase), painting by Gustave Blache III. National Portrait Gallery.
The music of Louisiana and their official state cuisine have a lot in common.
Just like gumbo, the musical sounds of Louisiana are a rich combination of influences and cultural flavors.
Today, we're going to start learning about two of these musical styles:
Cajun and zydeco
Text
Listen to a short excerpt from each recording:
Cajun Example
Zydeco Example
Cajun music's sound is defined by the accordion and the fiddle, usually with supporting instruments.
Zydeco music's sound is defined by the accordion and scrubboard (rubboard/frottoir), usually with supporting instruments.
Cajun Musical Instruments, by FirefllyDesignn. Etsy.
Take a look at this map of Louisiana...
Can you locate New Orleans?
Where is the Mississippi River?
Louisiana Location Map, by Alexrk2. CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Although New Orleans has always been a hub for musical innovation and development (especially jazz and blues), the birthplace of both Cajun and zydeco music is in the southwestern section of Louisiana known as “Acadiana.”
Louisiana Regions Map, by Interiot. Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
Here you can see New Orleans, the Mississippi River, and Acadiana in relation to one another.
Acadiana
New Orleans
Mississippi River
ACADIANA is home to the United States’ largest population of Cajuns and rural Creoles in the country.
Flag of Acadiana, by Lexicon. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
Cajuns are descendants of people who once lived in Acadia (parts of what are now New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia in Canada).
Acadia Map 1754, by Klaus Meuller (Mikmaq). CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
What do these “parish” names signal to you? What do they sound like?
Parishes of Acadiana Map, by Interiot. CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Instead of being divided into "counties" (like many U.S. states), Louisiana is divided into "parishes.”
Acadiana itself is made up of 22 parishes, with names such as “Lafayette,” “Iberville,” “Lafourche,” and “Point Coupee."
Today, French is still spoken in Acadiana, and most Cajun music is still sung in French.
French was the native language for ancestors of both Cajuns and Creoles, and Louisiana was a French territory at the time these communities formed.
In Southwest Louisiana, food, dance, and music are closely linked, creating a culture of "laissez les bon temps roulez” (Let the good times roll)!
Zydeco songs are sometimes still sung in French, although many songs are now sung in English.
Although Cajun and zydeco music have different histories, they share some origins and have influenced each other endlessly.
When people with different ancestries mix up similar instruments, lyrical themes, language, and rhythms in one pot, you get a true musical gumbo!
Folk masters: Great performances recorded live at the Barns of Wolf Trap, cover art by Francis X. Pavy. Smithsonian Folkways Recordings.
30+ minutes
Cajun Musical Instruments, by FireflyDesignn. Etsy.
J'ai Ete au Bal, film by Les Blank, Chris Strachwitz, and Maureen Gosling. Les Blank Films.
... which provides another "taste" of both Cajun and zydeco music.
Notice which instruments you see and hear.
What instruments did you notice?
Michael Doucet, excerpt from J'ai Ete au Bal.
Clifton Chenier, excerpt from J'ai Ete au Bal.
D. L. Menard, excerpt from J'ai Ete au Bal.
(Write down your response on your attentive listening worksheet).
Listen to this audio example:
Is this Cajun or zydeco? Why?
What instruments do you hear?
Cajun music's sound is defined by the accordion and the fiddle, usually with supporting instruments.
Zydeco music's sound is defined by the accordion and scrubboard (rubboard/frottoir), usually with supporting instruments.
Cajun Musical Instruments, by FirefllyDesignn. Etsy.
Listen to this excerpt several more times.
Each time, think about (and write down your thoughts about) a new guiding question:
Next, listen to a new audio example:
Is this Cajun or zydeco? Why?
What instruments do you hear?
(Write down your response on your attentive listening worksheet).
Listen to this excerpt several more times.
Each time, think about (and write down your thoughts about) a new guiding question:
These are two versions of the same song!
“Zydeco Sont Pas Salé”
Example 1: Zydeco
Example 2: Cajun
Zydeco Sont Pas Salé: King of the Real Creole French Zydeco, cover art by Elizabeth Weil. Arhoolie Records.
Opelousas Waltz, cover art by Wayne Pope. Arhoolie Records.
Use the provided Venn diagram template to explore some similarities and differences between Cajun and zydeco music.
"Zydeco Sont Pas Salé," by Clifton Chenier
"Zydeco Sont Pas Salé," by Austin Pitre
Some instrumentation (especially the importance of the accordion)
Accordion, made by Boudini & Sons. National Museum of American History
Time structure (2/4)
French language
Social/cultural context (both intended for dance)
Rubboard, by FireflyDesignn. Etsy.
Clifton & Cleveland Chenier, photo by Chris Strachwitz. Arhoolie Records.
20+ minutes
Triangle with Beater, unknown maker. National Museum of American History.
Listen to a short excerpt from a song called “Cajun Two-Step,” by Cajun musician Nathan Abshire.
As you listen, tap your toe along with the steady beat.
Listen again . . .
What is the time structure of this song?
Listen again . . .
What instruments do you hear?
The triangle is a common instrument in Cajun music.
Listen again . . .
Can you pat along with the triangle rhythm?
Listen again. . .
Can you tap your toe with the steady beat while patting along with the triangle rhythm?
Music takes recognizable form using two principles: repetition and contrast.
Listen again . . .
Do you hear any sections that are repeated?
Do you hear any contrast?
We can call them Part A and Part B
Listen again . . .
Raise one hand when you hear Part A and raise two hands when you hear Part B.
Next, you will create your own simple dance that matches the form of this song (AB):
Audio courtesy of
Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
Video courtesy of
Les Blanc Films
Images courtesy of
The Arhoolie Foundation
Firefly Design
National Museum of American History
National Portrait Gallery
Smithsonian American Art Museum
Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
The University of Texas at Austin Libraries
© 2022 Smithsonian Institution. Personal, educational, and non-commercial uses allowed; commercial rights reserved. See Smithsonian terms of use for more information.
This Lesson was funded in part by the Grammy Museum Grant and the Smithsonian Youth Access Grants Program, with support from the Society for Ethnomusicology and the National Association for Music Education.
For full bibliography and media credits, see Lesson 1 landing page.