rbokeh

A Simple, Flexible, Declarative Framework for Interactive Graphics

Follow along live: http://bit.ly/rbokeh1v

View at your own pace: http://bit.ly/rbokeh1

What is rbokeh?

  • An R interface to the Bokeh library
  • Bokeh:
  • rbokeh goals:
    • General purpose web-based visualization system for ad-hoc statistical graphics
    • R-like interface
    • Simple transient interactivity for free or with very little effort (zoom / pan / tooltips / etc.)
    • Put more complex interactivity within reach

bokeh

Interface

Python

rbokeh

R

Bokeh.jl

Julia

bokeh-scala

Scala

JSON spec

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BokehJS

rbokeh Interface

  • Initialize a figure with figure() and add layers with pipes

  • Currently 29 layer functions (see here and here)

  • Plots are highly customizable - for further control, other pipeable functions can augment aspects of a figure, including axes, themes, and interaction tools

  • Several features you are used to in ggplot2 are available, such as aesthetics, NSE, automatic range calculation if none specified, etc.

  • In addition to figure(), there is gmap() for superposition on a google map, grid_plot() for constructing a grid of figures

figure(data = iris) %>%
  ly_points(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, color = Species)

20 examples in 5 minutes

1: iris data ("hello world")

figure(data = iris) %>%
  ly_points(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, color = Species
    hover = list(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width))

2: custom hover and url on click

figure() %>%
  ly_points(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, data = iris, color = Species,
    hover = "The species of this point is '@Species'",
    url = "https://www.google.com/search?q=@Species+iris")

3: adding non-default tools (e.g. lasso select)

figure() %>% 
  ly_points(1:10) %>%
  tool_lasso_select()

# or
tools <- c("pan", "wheel_zoom", "box_zoom", "resize", "lasso_select",
  "reset", "save", "help")
figure(tools = tools) %>% 
  ly_points(1:10) %>%

See here for details and more examples

4: modifying axes

figure() %>%
  ly_points(Date, Packages, Ecdat::CRANpackages) %>%
  y_axis(log = TRUE)

See here for details and more examples

5: stat layers: model fits

z <- lm(dist ~ speed, data = cars)
figure(width = 600, height = 600) %>%
  ly_points(cars, hover = cars) %>%
  ly_lines(lowess(cars), legend = "lowess") %>%
  ly_abline(z, type = 2, legend = "lm")

6: stat layers: histogram / density

figure(width = 600, height = 400) %>%
  ly_hist(eruptions, data = faithful, breaks = 40, freq = FALSE) %>%
  ly_density(eruptions, data = faithful)

7: stat layers: hexbin

figure() %>%
  ly_hexbin(rnorm(10000), rnorm(10000))

8: stat layers: bar

figure(data = mpg, legend_location = "top_left", width = 600) %>%
  ly_bar(class, color = drv) %>%
  theme_axis("x", major_label_orientation = 45)

9: categorical axes

# prepare data
elements <- subset(elements, !is.na(group))
elements$group <- as.character(elements$group)
elements$period <- as.character(elements$period)

# add colors for groups
metals <- c("alkali metal", "alkaline earth metal", "halogen",
  "metal", "metalloid", "noble gas", "nonmetal", "transition metal")
colors <- c("#a6cee3", "#1f78b4", "#fdbf6f", "#b2df8a", "#33a02c",
  "#bbbb88", "#baa2a6", "#e08e79")
elements$color <- colors[match(elements$metal, metals)]
elements$type <- elements$metal

# make coordinates for labels
elements$symx <- paste(elements$group, ":0.1", sep = "")
elements$numbery <- paste(elements$period, ":0.8", sep = "")
elements$massy <- paste(elements$period, ":0.15", sep = "")
elements$namey <- paste(elements$period, ":0.3", sep = "")

# create figure
p <- figure(title = "Periodic Table", tools = c("resize", "hover"),
  ylim = as.character(c(7:1)), xlim = as.character(1:18),
  xgrid = FALSE, ygrid = FALSE, xlab = "", ylab = "",
  height = 445, width = 800) %>%

# plot rectangles
ly_crect(group, period, data = elements, 0.9, 0.9,
  fill_color = color, line_color = color, fill_alpha = 0.6,
  hover = list(name, atomic.number, type, atomic.mass,
    electronic.configuration)) %>%

# add symbol text
ly_text(symx, period, text = symbol, data = elements,
  font_style = "bold", font_size = "10pt",
  align = "left", baseline = "middle") %>%

# add atomic number text
ly_text(symx, numbery, text = atomic.number, data = elements,
  font_size = "6pt", align = "left", baseline = "middle") %>%

# add name text
ly_text(symx, namey, text = name, data = elements,
  font_size = "4pt", align = "left", baseline = "middle") %>%

# add atomic mass text
ly_text(symx, massy, text = atomic.mass, data = elements,
  font_size = "4pt", align = "left", baseline = "middle")

p

10: embedding images

url <- "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/weinfz/nba_shot_value_charts/master/court.png"
figure(width = 600, height = 600 * 0.7963461, padding_factor = 0,
  xlab = NULL, ylab = NULL) %>%
  ly_image_url(x = -300, y = -20, image_url = url, w = 600, h = 440, anchor = "bottom_left") %>%
  ly_points(rnorm(100, 0, 50), rnorm(100, 200, 50), color = "black")

11: creating custom layer functions

ly_baseball <- function(x) {
  base_x <- c(90 * cos(pi/4), 0, 90 * cos(3 * pi/4), 0)
  base_y <- c(90 * cos(pi/4), sqrt(90^2 + 90^2), 90 * sin(pi/4), 0)
  distarc_x <- lapply(c(2:4) * 100, function(a)
    seq(a * cos(3 * pi/4), a * cos(pi/4), length = 200))
  distarc_y <- lapply(distarc_x, function(x)
    sqrt((x[1]/cos(3 * pi/4))^2 - x^2))

  x %>%
    ## boundary
    ly_segments(c(0, 0), c(0, 0), c(-300, 300), c(300, 300), alpha = 0.4) %>%
    ## bases
    ly_crect(base_x, base_y, width = 10, height = 10,
      angle = 45*pi/180, color = "black", alpha = 0.4) %>%
    ## infield/outfield boundary
    ly_curve(60.5 + sqrt(95^2 - x^2),
      from = base_x[3] - 26, to = base_x[1] + 26, alpha = 0.4) %>%
    ly_multi_line(distarc_x, distarc_y, alpha = 0.4)
}

f <- tempfile()
download.file("https://gist.githubusercontent.com/hafen/77f25b556725b3d0066b/raw/10f0e811f09f2b9f0f9ccfb542e296dfac2761d4/doubles.csv", method="curl", f)
doubles <- read.csv(f)

figure(xgrid = FALSE, ygrid = FALSE, width = 630, height = 540,
  xlab = "Horizontal distance from home plate (ft.)",
  ylab = "Vertical distance from home plate (ft.)") %>%
  ly_baseball() %>%
  ly_hexbin(doubles, xbins = 50, shape = 0.77, alpha = 0.75, palette = "Spectral10")

Simply take a figure as input and return a modified figure as output

12: plotting on maps

bike <- read.csv("https://gist.githubusercontent.com/hafen/3d534ee95b964ef753ab/raw/dbe9f0cbe29d17151d852e8cc1c3466f7a7f02e9/201512_nycbike_summ.csv", stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
cdist <- read.csv("https://gist.githubusercontent.com/hafen/a447521ff8b24ddefba5/raw/044e174d7b9e6a370fff429f9cda4d0903b4c0a6/communitydistricts.csv")

bike$diff <- bike$n_start - bike$n_end
bike$color = ifelse(bike$diff > 0, "#2CA02C", "#D62728")

gmap(lat = 40.73306, lng = -73.97351, zoom = 12,
  width = 680, height = 600, map_style = gmap_style("blue_water")) %>%
  ly_polygons(x, y, group = which, data = cdist,
    fill_alpha = 0.1, line_width = 2, color = "orange") %>%
  ly_points(lon, lat, data = bike,
    hover = c(station, n_start, n_end, diff),
    fill_alpha = 0.8, size = abs(diff), color = color, legend = FALSE)

More tile-based map options to come

13: plotting lots of points

figure(webgl = TRUE) %>%
  ly_points(rnorm(100000), rnorm(100000), alpha = 0.2)

Not all glyphs supported by WebGL (but will soon!)

14: linked pan / zoom / brush

tools <- c("pan", "wheel_zoom", "box_zoom", "box_select", "reset")
nms <- expand.grid(names(iris)[1:4], rev(names(iris)[1:4]), stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
splom_list <- vector("list", 16)
for(ii in seq_len(nrow(nms))) {
  splom_list[[ii]] <- figure(width = 130, height = 130, tools = tools,
    xlab = nms$Var1[ii], ylab = nms$Var2[ii]) %>%
    ly_points(nms$Var1[ii], nms$Var2[ii], data = iris,
      color = Species, size = 5, legend = FALSE)
}
grid_plot(splom_list, ncol = 4, same_axes = TRUE, link_data = TRUE)

15: embed in shiny application

server <- shinyServer(function(input, output, session) {
  # Combine the selected variables into a new data frame
  selectedData <- reactive({
    iris[, c(input$xcol, input$ycol)]
  })
  clusters <- reactive({
    kmeans(selectedData(), input$clusters)
  })
  output$plot1 <- renderRbokeh({
    pal <- c("#E41A1C", "#377EB8", "#4DAF4A", "#984EA3",
      "#FF7F00", "#FFFF33", "#A65628", "#F781BF", "#999999")
    cts <- data.frame(clusters()$centers)
    figure(width = 500, height = 500) %>%
      ly_points(selectedData(), color = pal[clusters()$cluster]) %>%
      ly_points(cts, size = 40, glyph = 4, line_width = 4, color = "black")
  })
})

ui <- shinyUI(pageWithSidebar(
  headerPanel('Iris k-means clustering'),
  sidebarPanel(
    selectInput('xcol', 'X Variable', names(iris)),
    selectInput('ycol', 'Y Variable', names(iris),
      selected = names(iris)[[2]]),
    numericInput('clusters', 'Cluster count', 3,
      min = 1, max = 9)
  ),
  mainPanel(
    rbokehOutput('plot1')
  )
))

shinyApp(ui, server)

16: direct shiny interactivity

library("shiny")
library("rbokeh")
dat <- data.frame(x = rnorm(10), y = rnorm(10))

ui <- fluidPage(
  rbokehOutput("rbokeh", width = 450, height = 450),

  strong("x range change event:"),
  textOutput("x_range_text"),

  strong("y range change event:"),
  textOutput("y_range_text"),

  strong("hover event:"),
  textOutput("hover_text"),

  strong("triggered by tap/click:"),
  htmlOutput("tap_text"),

  strong("index of selected triggered by any selection:"),
  textOutput("selection_text")
)

server <- function(input, output, session) {
  output$rbokeh <- renderRbokeh({
    figure() %>%
      ly_points(x = x, y = y, data = dat,
        hover = list(x, y), lname = "points") %>%
      tool_hover(shiny_callback(id = "hover_info"), "points") %>%
      tool_tap(shiny_callback(id = "tap_info"), "points") %>%
      tool_box_select(shiny_callback(id = "selection_info"), "points") %>%
      x_range(callback = shiny_callback(id = "x_range")) %>%
      y_range(callback = shiny_callback(id = "y_range"))
  })

  output$x_range_text <- reactive({
    xrng <- input$x_range
    if(!is.null(xrng)) {
      paste0("start: ", xrng$start, ", end: ", xrng$end)
    } else {
      "waiting for x-axis pan/zoom event (use pan/zoom to trigger)..."
    }
  })

  output$y_range_text <- reactive({
    yrng <- input$y_range
    if(!is.null(yrng)) {
      paste0("start: ", yrng$start,", end: ", yrng$end)
    } else {
      "waiting for y-axis pan/zoom event (use pan/zoom to trigger)..."
    }
  })

  output$hover_text <- reactive({
    hi <- input$hover_info
    if(!is.null(hi)) {
      paste0("index: ", hi$index[["1d"]]$indices, ", x: ",
        hi$geom$sx, ", y:", hi$geom$sy)
    } else {
      "waiting for hover event (hover over plot or points on plot to trigger)..."
    }
  })

  output$tap_text <- reactive({
    ti <- input$tap_info
    if(!is.null(ti)) {
      paste("index:", paste(ti, collapse = ", "))
    } else {
      "waiting for tap/click event (click point(s) to trigger)..."
    }
  })

  output$selection_text <- reactive({
    si <- input$selection_info
    if(!is.null(si)) {
      paste("index:", paste(si, collapse = ", "))
    } else {
      "waiting for selection event (click point(s) or use box select tool to trigger)..."
    }
  })
}

shinyApp(ui, server)

17: custom JS callback 1

figure(title = "hover a blue point") %>%
  ly_points(1:10, lname = "blue", lgroup = "g1", size = 20) %>%
  ly_points(2:12, lname = "orange", lgroup = "g1") %>%
  tool_hover(custom_callback(
    code = "if(cb_data.index['1d'].indices.length > 0)
    orange_data.get('data').x[cb_data.index['1d'].indices] += 0.1
    orange_data.trigger('change')", "orange"), "blue")

18: custom JS callback 2

dat <- data.frame(x = runif(500), y = runif(500))

p <- figure(title = "select points to adjust mean line",
  tools = "lasso_select") %>%
  ly_points(x, y, data = dat, lname = "points") %>%
  ly_lines(x = c(0, 1), y = rep(mean(dat$y), 2), 
    line_width = 6, color = "orange", alpha = 0.75,
    lname = "mean")

code <- "
  var inds = cb_obj.get('selected')['1d'].indices;
  var d = cb_obj.get('data');
  var ym = 0;
  if (inds.length == 0) { return; }
  for (i = 0; i < inds.length; i++) {
    ym += d['y'][inds[i]];
  }
  ym /= inds.length;
  mean_data.get('data').y = [ym, ym];
  cb_obj.trigger('change');
  mean_data.trigger('change');
"

p %>% tool_lasso_select(
  custom_callback(code, "mean"), "points")

19: custom JS callback 3

range_callback <- custom_callback("
  var rdiff = range.get('end') - range.get('start')
  var zoomed_in = hexbin_glyph.get('_zoomed_in')
  if(rdiff < 1.5) {
    hexbin_glyph.get('_zoomed_in', true)
    points_glyph.set('visible', true)
    points_hov_glyph.set('visible', true)
    hexbin_glyph.set('visible', false)
    hexbin_hov_glyph.set('visible', false)
    hexbin_glyph.trigger('change')
    hexbin_hov_glyph.trigger('change')
    points_glyph.trigger('change')
    points_hov_glyph.trigger('change')
  } else if(rdiff >= 1.5) {
    hexbin_glyph.get('_zoomed_in', false)
    points_glyph.set('visible', false)
    points_hov_glyph.set('visible', false)
    hexbin_glyph.set('visible', true)
    hexbin_hov_glyph.set('visible', true)
    hexbin_glyph.trigger('change')
    hexbin_hov_glyph.trigger('change')
    points_glyph.trigger('change')
    points_hov_glyph.trigger('change')
  }
", c("hexbin", "points"))

figure() %>%
  ly_points(x, y, data = dat,
    visible = FALSE, lname = "points") %>%
  ly_hexbin(x, y, data = dat, hover = FALSE,
    lname = "hexbin") %>%
  x_range(callback = range_callback) %>%
  y_range(callback = range_callback)

20: embedded in trelliscope

panel <- function(x)
  figure() %>% ly_points(time, medListPriceSqft, data = x)

hcog <- function(x) {
  slp <- coef(lm(medListPriceSqft ~ time, data = x))[2]
  list(
    slope = cog(slp, desc = "list price slope"),
    meanList = cogMean(x$medListPriceSqft),
    meanSold = cogMean(x$medSoldPriceSqft)
  )
}

housingData::housing %>%
  qtrellis(by = c("county", "state"), panel, hcog, layout = c(2, 4))

Resources

install.packages("rbokeh")

Thanks

Some thoughts on interactivity in EDA

  • Data analysis is iterative and visualization is usually the driver
  • We must be able to quickly generate plots to explore, investigate ideas, validate models, etc.
  • Any interactivity in our plots must be very easily specifiable
  • This is not easy! (outside of simple but very useful transient interactions like pan / zoom / hover / click / select that we already get with things like rbokeh)
  • Something to think about: in EDA, what do we really need in terms of interactivity?
  • I actually don't think it's possible for an ad-hoc statistical visualization system to provide a flexible, rapidly specifiable interactivity scheme
  • Unless you think in terms of Trelliscope (conditioning + cognostics)

rbokeh

By Ryan Hafen

rbokeh

A Simple, Flexible, Declarative Framework for Interactive Graphics (given at useR! 2016 and JSM 2016)

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