In general E2E testing is a technique which is used to test the flow of a system . By doing so the goal is to determine whether the "flow" of system is working as expected. Protractor tests are run after the integration of the individual components.
What is protractor
"Protractor is a Node.js program, and runs end-to-end tests that are also written in JavaScript and run with node. Protractor uses WebDriver to control browsers and simulate user actions."