AGENDA

• Design Patterns
  
• Javascript Design Patterns
• Constructor
• Module
• Façade
• Observer (custom event)
• Mediator (pub/sub)

AGENDA

• Large-scale Javascript
• Proposed architecture
• Applying patterns

patterns

• Pattern: 
• Proven solution to a certain class of problems in a specific context.
• Pre-conditions (requirements).
• Post-conditions (consequences). 
• Pattern language: a common vocabulary.
• Network of connected patterns -> reuse.
_____________________________________________
 Design Patterns for Large-Scale Javascript

design patterns

• Design Patterns target OO problems regarding objects creation, structure and behavior.
• Programming languages support them differently.

"With great power comes great responsibility"
Uncle Ben

constructor

• A special method used to initialize a newly created object once memory has been allocated.
• JS is indeed OO but it differs from classic OO, and there are different ways to construct an object:

  // object literal a.k.a. Singleton
  var myDog = {};
   
  // ES5 Object.create method from prototype
  var myDog = Object.create(Dog.prototype);
   
  // constructor call (uses this to set properties)
  var myDog = new Dog();

basic constructor

• new must be used before invoking.
• this references the new object being created.
• Doesn't return anything.
  

  function Dog(name, breed) {
    this.name = name;
    this.breed = breed; 
    this.bark = function() {
      return this.name + ': woof, woof, woof!';
    };
  }
   
  var myDog = new Dog('Sherlock', 'beagle');
  console.log(myDog.bark());
  

constructor & prototype

• Defining functions in constructor is not ideal, as the function will be redefined for each new instance.
• Using prototype, all instances can share functions.
  

  function Dog() {
    this.name = name;
    this.breed = breed;
  }
    
  Dog.prototype.bark = function() {
      return this.name + ': woof, woof!';
    };
  }
   
  var myDog = new Dog('Sherlock', 'beagle');
  console.log(myDog.bark());
  

module

• Emulates classic OO classes to support public/private methods and variables inside a single object.
• Encapsulation achieved through closures.

  var myDog = (function(name, breed) { 
    var getBarkStyle = function() {
      return (breed === 'husky')? 'woooooow!': 'woof, woof!';
    }; 
    return {
      bark: function() {
        return name + ': ' + getBarkStyle();
      }
    };
  })('Sherlock', 'beagle');
  
  console.log(myDog.bark());
  

Revealing module

• Adds flexibility to switch methods and variables from public to private scope and vice-versa.

  var myDog = (function(name, breed) { 
    function getBarkStyle() {
      return (breed === 'husky')? 'woooooow!': 'woof, woof!';
    }; 
    function bark() {
      return name + ': ' + getBarkStyle();
    };  
    return {
      name: name,
      bark: bark;
    };
  })('Sherlock', 'beagle');
  
  console.log(myDog.bark());
  

module

• Highly enforced by JS community.
• First-class citizen in CommonJS and AMD.

  define([], function() {
    return {
      sum: function(numberA, numberB) {
        return numberA + numberB;
      }
    };
  });

• Will be part of EcmaScript 6 (Harmony) - the new version of JS.

Façade

• Provides a convenient higher-level interface to a component, hiding its complexity and simplifying the API.

  // Pure JS
  var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
  xhr.open('GET', 'http://code.jquery.com/jquery-latest.js', true);
  xhr.onreadystatechange = function() {
    if (this.readyState == 4 && this.status === 200) {
      console.log('success');
    }
  };
  
  // jQuery
  $.get('http://code.jquery.com/jquery-latest.js', function(data) {
     console.log('success');
  });
  

Façade

var factorialFacade = (function() { 
  var intermediateResults = [0, 1];
  function calculate(n, stats) {
    if (intermediateResults[n] === undefined) {
      stats.ops++;
      intermediateResults[n] = n * calculate(n - 1, stats);
    }
    return intermediateResults[n];              
  }
  return {
    factorial: function(n) {
      var stats = { ops: 0 },
          result = (n > 0 && n % 1 === 0)? calculate(n, stats): 0;
      return n + '! = ' + result + ' (' + stats.ops + ' operations)';
    }
  };
})();

See this live on Plunker!

Observer (custom event)

• A Subject object maintains a list of interested Observer objects, automatically notifying them of its changes.

var consoleObserver = function(event, msg) {
  if (event === 'goal') {
    console.log('Team ' + msg.team + ' just scored! ' + msg.score);
  }
}
  
var htmlObserver = function(event, msg) {
  if (event === 'goal') {
    $('h3').text('Team ' + msg.team + ' just scored! ' + msg.score);
  }
}

Observer (custom event)

var soccerMatchSubject = (function(teamA, teamB) {
  var scoreTable = {};
  scoreTable[teamA] = scoreTable[teamB] = 0;
  
  var observers = [];
  function notify() {
    var args = arguments;
    $.each(observers, function(index, observer) {
      observer.callback.apply(observer.context, args);
    });
  }

  return {
    addObserver: function(fn) {
      observers.push({ context: this, callback: fn });
    },
    //... continues on slide below

Observer (custom event)

    //... from slide above
    goal: function(team) {      
      scoreTable[team]++;
      score = teamA + ' ' + scoreTable[teamA] + ' x ' + 
              scoreTable[teamB] + ' ' + teamB;
            
      notify('goal', { team: team, score: score });
    }
  };
})('Brazil', 'Spain');

_____________________________________________

 Design Patterns for Large-Scale Javascript

Observer (custom event)

• Now we just need to add the observers to listen.

  soccerMatchSubject.addObserver(consoleObserver);
  soccerMatchSubject.addObserver(htmlObserver);
  

• When the subject method is called, it notifies all its listeners.

  $('button').click(function(e) {
    e.preventDefault();
    soccerMatchSubject.goal(this.innerHTML);
  });
  

• See this live on Plunker!

Mediator (pub/sub)

• Exposes an unified interface through which the different parts of a system may communicate.
• Notice how the Subject has references to the Observers -> coupling.
• Potential Garbage Collection issues: you must remove the Observer references from all the Subjects.
• A Mediator can decouple Subject and Observers by introducing a middle layer between them.

Mediator (pub/sub)

var mediator = {
  channels: {},
  subscribe: function(channel, fn) {
    if (!mediator.channels[channel]) mediator.channels[channel] = [];
    mediator.channels[channel].push({ context: this, callback: fn });
  },
  publish: function(channel){
    if (!mediator.channels[channel]) return;
    var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1);
    $.each(mediator.channels[channel], function(index, subscriber) {
      subscriber.callback.apply(subscriber.context, args);
    });
  },      
  installTo: function(publisher){
    publisher.subscribe = mediator.subscribe;
    publisher.publish = mediator.publish;
  }
};  

_____________________________________________

 Design Patterns for Large-Scale Javascript

Mediator (pub/sub)

var soccerMatchSubject = (function(teamA, teamB) {
  var scoreTable = {};
  scoreTable[teamA] = scoreTable[teamB] = 0;
  
  return {
    goal: function(team) {      
      scoreTable[team]++;
      score = teamA + ' ' + scoreTable[teamA] + ' x ' + 
              scoreTable[teamB] + ' ' + teamB;
                
      this.publish('loggers', 'goal', { team: team, score: score });
    }
  };
})('Brazil', 'Spain');
  
mediator.installTo(soccerMatchSubject);

_____________________________________________

 Design Patterns for Large-Scale Javascript

Mediator (pub/sub)

• Again, we just need to add the observers to listen.

  soccerMatchSubject.subscribe('loggers', consoleObserver);
  soccerMatchSubject.subscribe('loggers', htmlObserver);
  

• The observers are the same, the event triggering is also the same.
• Notice how the Mediator is on top of control. It is serving as a pub/sub infrastructure for components.
• See this live on Plunker!

applying patterns

var NewEmailModule = function(from) {
  return {
    newEmail: function(email) {
      email.from = from;
      this.publish('email', { email : email });
    }
  };
};
  
var myNewEmail = NewEmailModule('tgarcia@avenuecode.com');
mediator.installTo(myNewEmail);

applying patterns

var MailboxModule = function(owner, channel) {
  var emails = [];
    
  return {
    receiveEmail: function(message) {
      if (message.email.to === owner) {
        emails.push(message.email);
        this.publish(channel, { owner: owner, emails: emails });
      }
    }
  };
};
  
var myMailbox = MailboxModule('tgarcia@avenuecode.com', 'my-mailbox');
mediator.installTo(myMailbox);
mediator.subscribe('email', myMailbox.receiveEmail);

applying patterns

var RenderMailboxModule = function(selector) {
  var el = $(selector);
    
  return {
    render: function(message) {
      var frag = $(document.createDocumentFragment());
      $.each(message.emails, function(index, email) {
        frag.append('<h3>[' + index + '] ' + email.subject + '</h3>')
            .append('<h4>From: ' + email.from + '</h4>')
            .append('<p>' + email.content + '</p>');
      });
      el.html(frag);
    }
  };
};
  
var myRenderMailbox = RenderMailboxModule('#my-mailbox');
mediator.subscribe('my-mailbox', myRenderMailbox.render);

applying patterns

• This is the event triggering:

  $('button').click(function(e) {
      e.preventDefault();
      var email = {
        to: $('input[name=to]').val(),
        subject: $('input[name=subject]').val(),
        content: $('textarea[name=content]').val()
      };
      myNewEmail.newEmail(email);
    });
  });
  

• Notice how a module doesn't know about others.
• See this live on Plunker!