Political and Economic

Changes in Europe

UNIT 8

 Europe

12th-13th Century

 Feudalism began to disappear

Cities became more populated,

dirty and crowded

Bubonic Plague

or

the Black Death

These are the clothes the

doctors wore

who treated the sick

click to watch video

From 1400’s to 1500’s population began to increase

 In 16th Century the population had almost recuperated.

Banking system improved.

Financial transactions easier.

Lent money

Found new ways to pay borrowed money.

Cities with artisans and trade

became

the centre of economic power.

Most Important cities were

VENICE, FLORENCE, ANTWERP,

LISBON, SEVILLE

and LONDON.

Changes in Society

Three Estates

Nobles and clergy

 Merchants,craftsman, shopkeepers,

farmers, domestic help

and

peasants

but with some changes...

Nobles and clergy

Privileged estates

Didn’t pay taxes

Most important positions

Bourgeoisie

Rich and powerful

merchants and bankers.

Increased in number and power.

Often married into nobility.

Had important connections

with the monarchy.

Lent them money

and received privileges in exchange.

Peasants

Bad conditions, poor              but free from serfdom

In the 11th and 12th Century

Authoritarian  Monarchies

Europe was divided

into small states.

In the 15th Century

Great kingdoms formed

through marriage alliances or conquest.

Beginning of present day countries.

Most of these kingdoms were Authoritarian.

England

France

Russia

FRANCE was united after the 100 Years War (between France and England)

The country was united

from the reign of

Charles VII to Francis I.

ENGLAND

Civil war during the 15th century

(The War of the Roses between York and Lancaster)

made the monarch weak.

The Tudors won and Henry VIII reigned in the 16th Century

RUSSIA Ivan the Great unified the country and annexed territories (Ukraine, Lithuania and north of Moscow)

Became Czar/Emperor of Russia.

The Catholic Monarchs

            unified

the Iberian kingdoms

except Portugal.

Text

SPAIN

Authoritarian Monarchy

• Reduced the power of the NOBILITY and the CHURCH.

• Created a centralized government

• Built a private army

• Raised taxes to pay for army. 

• Created diplomatic system with Ambassadors

increased their power by...

Early 1400’s

Five main kingdoms :

CROWN OF CASTILE,

CROWN OF ARAGÓN,

KINGDOM OF NAVARRA (1512),

KINGDOM OF PORTUGAL (1385/1580)

and

NASRID KINGDOM OF GRANADA (1492)

Spanish Kingdoms

Foreign Policies

While Henry IV was king,

there was a civil war

between...

THE CROWN OF CASTILE

...the supporters of his daughter,

Joanna La Beltraneja (believed to be illegitimate)

and

supporters his half-sister Isabella I of Castile (La Catolica).

When Henry IV died

in 1474,

Isabella I

became Queen of Castile 

Crown of Aragón

Ferdinand of Antequera

from the

Trastamara Dynasty in Castile

 became

king of Aragón.

In 1410,

the King of Aragon,

Martin I

died with no hiers

In 1479 his grandson,

Ferdinand II

became King of Aragon

Trastamara Dynasty (governed Castile)

In 1476 Isabella I of Castile secretly married

her second cousin Ferdinand II.

In 1479, Ferdinand II became King of Aragón.

Isabel and Ferdinand

asked the Pope

to recognize their marriage.

They ruled

Crown of Aragón and  the Crown of Castile together.

They were called the Catholic Monarchs.

They governed the two territories,

but each territory kept

its institutions and laws.

Created several institutions

to provide peace and unity

to Castile and Aragón.

The Catholic Monarch

 Reyes Católicos  

Isabella I of Castile

Ferdinand II of Aragón

1) Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad)

 A police force.              

to fight thieves and control nobility              

Domestic Policies

2) Royal Council – highest law makers

3) Corregidores – represented

the monarches authority in cities

and towns

4)Treasury – collected taxes and took economic privileges away from the nobility

5) Professional Army

 permanent and one of the best in Europe.

Religious Unification

In 1478 founded the Tribunal of the Inquisition to find and punish non Catolics

In 1492 Expulsion or conversion of Jews.

Approximately 80,000 people left Spain in a short period of time.

Some converted and stayed – conversos/marranos

In 1512 Mudejars (Spanish Muslims)

whose religious belief was protected

after the annexation of  Granada

were also forced to convert or leave.

The converts were called MORISCOs

In 1504 Isabella died,

JOANNA the MAD (Juana la Loca)

her daughter

was heir to the throne of Castile.

Ferdinand II continue as

King of Aragón.

Joanna the Mad was unable to rule and Ferdinand II ruled

the Crown of Castile in her name.

Dynastic Union

and...

In 1516

Ferdinand II died

Joanna the Mad’s son

 Charles I

(also called Charles V) 

unified and controlled

Crown of Castile

and

Crown of Aragón.

Joanna the Mad

married

Philip the Handsome from the

Hapsburg Dynasty

of Austria.

This was a

marriage alliance

to gain more territories.