Scalability
Skeepers Influence Workshop
Your HOsts Tonight
Alex Fernández (pinchito)
Director of Eng, Influence
Platform Lead, Influence
Alfredo López
What We Will See
What is Scalability?
Horizontal and Vertical Scaling
Scaling Strategies
🚀 What is scalability
🪜 Definition of scalability
The capacity to be changed in size or scale.
The ability of a computing process to be used or produced in a range of capabilities.
Lexico (Oxford Dictionary)
⛷️ Scale Up and Down!
📚 Use in Literature
🐧 Example: Linux
From embedded
✋ What makes something Scalable?
The right question is: why doesn't it scale?
- Scarcity of a resource
- Growing wait times
- Unability to answer
- Blocking on a resource
- ...
📝 Exercise: non Scalable Service
Install Node.js
Install loadtest
$ npm install -g loadtest Run the command
$ loadtest https://gorest.co.in/public/v1/users -n 2000 -c 100 --keepaliveWrite down the average for requests per second (rps),
average latency and number of errors
⮯
📝 Exercise +
Adjust rps from 10 to 100 ±10
$ loadtest http://service.pinchito.es:3000/a -n 2000 -c 100 --rps 30 -k$ loadtest http://service.pinchito.es:3000/a -n 2000 -c 100 --rps 40 -k...
Write down rps, latency and errors
Go up to 100, then 1000
$ loadtest http://service.pinchito.es:3000/a -n 2000 -c 100 --rps 1000 -k
⮯
📝 Exercise +
Draw a graph with rps sent and result
Another graph with rps vs latency
⮯
📝 Exercise +
Now test against:
loadtest https://www.google.com -n 2000 -c 100 -kWhat is the difference?
How do latency and rps behave now?
⮯
👍 Success!
🥛 What Resource Run out?
Graph with CPU from AWS:
300 rps
400 rps
1000 rps
🚂 rps vs throughput
📈 Scalability Profiles
Brendan Gregg: Systems Performance
🚒 Latency vs rps
⚖️ Little's Law
Little, 1952 - 1960
The average number of requests in flight L equals:
the rate of requests per second λ
multiplied by the average request time W.
If we increase concurrency L,
the average time per request W grows proportionally.
⇕v and ⇔ h Scaling
🧓 Hard Beginnings
💽 Specialized Servers
🗄️ The Usual Cabins
🤖 And then Google Arrived
Google storage cabin, 1996
⇕ vertical Scaling
Buy a bigger machine
And bigger
Until you run out of machines
Hard to go back to a smaller machine 😅
⇕ vertical Scaling
🤫 Sshhh...
For many decades now, supercomputers are just...
clusters of smaller machines
⇔ Horizontal Scaling
Use many similar machines for a given function
("provisioning")
Add or remove machines to scale
When one machine is failing it is removed from service
⇔ horizontal Scaling
📝 Exercise: Storage
Design a corporate storage system with 15 TB
Option 1 ⇕: storage area network (SAN)
Best option as of december 2008
Option 2 ⇔: raw hard drives
📝 EXERCISE +
Add controllers
RAID options (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks)
Measure the $ difference between option 1⇕ and option 2⇔
Final price?
⮯
📝 EXERCISE +
Consider redundancy strategies
Fault tolerance
Redundancy options: 2x, 3x, ?
Consider scaling strategies
How do they affect the price?
⮯
👍 success!
⇔ Horizontal Strategies
🤹 Balancing (server-side)
🕵️ Balancing (client-side)
💝 Affinity
🔱 Independence
🍇 Clustering
🔑 Sharding
🧬 Replication
⌛ Queues
🤹 Server-side Balancing
Example: AWS ELB, Google Cloud Load Balancing
🕵️ Client-Side Balancing
Example: Facebook client
Chooses the API endpoint in the browser
Example: DNS balancing
💝 Affinity ⇔
By cookie or geographical
Needs a sophisticated router
Client-side or server-side
🔱 Independence ⇔
Neutral (or blind) balancing
🍇 Clustering ⇔
Generic term "cluster":
create one machine out of many
In databases usually means having more than one server
all equivalent
🔑 Sharding ⇔
Balancing by key
Needs a sharding algorithm (usually with hashing)
🧬 Replication ⇔
A primary server (read + write) and several replicas (read-only)
Useful when reading > writing
🐫 Active REPLICAtion ⇔
Active-active, multiple primary...
Needs a conciliation algorithm
⌛ Queues ⇔
Production of tasks independent of consumption
Mechanism for polling
(NOT pooling 🙏)
📝 Exercise: Scalable Storage
You work for search engine Fooble in January 2000
You have to store the search index
Design a scaling strategy
Assume index = page sizes
⮯
📝 EXERCISE +
10 KB per page
10 search terms max
Target time of 0.1 seconds per search
⮯
📝 EXERCISE +
50M pages × 10 KB = 500 GB
Cheapest disk drive: Seagate ST317242A, 17.2 GB, $152
32 disks × 16 GB = 512 GB, $4864
8 servers × 4 disks = 32 disks
4M searches × 100 ms = 400k seconds = 4.6 servers
Adding peak time: at least 8 servers
⮯
📝 EXERCISE +
100 ms for ~5 search terms
Average query time to storage < 20 ms
⮯
📝 EXERCISE +
Query time: seek time + 1/2 turn + formatting
Seek time: ~8 ms
7200 rpm disk drive: 8 ms per turn
Query total: >12 ms
Seems doable; better add some caching
⮯
👍 Well done!
📚 Bibliography
Brendan Gregg: Systems Performance: Enterprise and the Cloud
John Allspaw: Web Operations: Keeping the Data On Time
HighScalability.com: Favorite posts on HighScalability
Skeepers Influence Workshop: Distributed Systems
By Alex Fernández
Skeepers Influence Workshop: Distributed Systems
Workshop for Skeepers Influence: Distributed Systems
