ECMAScript 2015 : Deep Dive

David Leonard

https://github.com/DrkSephy

https://twitter.com/DrkSephy

What I do:

 

  • Grad Student at CCNY

  • Game Developer

  • Yahoo! Developer Network

Why ES6?

Deep Dive

  • Tooling 

  • Variables and Scoping

  • Strings

  • Destructuring

  • Parameter Handling

  • Arrow Functions

  • Classes

  • Modules

  • Generators

  • Promises

Running ES6

Variables and Scoping

var vs. let / const 

var snack = 'Meow Mix';

function getFood(food) {
    if (food) {
        var snack = 'Friskies';
        return snack;
    }
    return snack;
}

getFood(false);
// undefined
Credit: https://github.com/venegu

var vs. let / const 

var snack = 'Meow Mix';

function getFood(food) {
    var snack;
    
    if (food) {
        snack = 'Friskies';
        return snack;
    }
    return snack;
}

getFood(false); 
// undefined

var vs. let / const 

let snack = 'Meow Mix';

function getFood(food) {

    if (food) {
        let snack = 'Friskies';
        return snack;
    }
    return snack;
}

getFood(false); 
// A
// B
// 'Meow Mix'
Credit: https://github.com/venegu

var vs. let / const 

let snack = 'Meow Mix';

function getFood(food) {

    if (food) {
        let snack = 'Friskies';
        return snack;
    }
    return snack;
}

getFood(false); 
// A
// B
// 'Meow Mix'
Credit: https://github.com/venegu

IIFE   > Blocks

(function () {  
    var food = 'Meow Mix';
}());  
console.log(food);
// Reference Error

IIFE  > Blocks

{  
    let food = 'Meow Mix';
} 
console.log(food); 
// Reference Error

Scoping

function Person(name) {
    this.name = name;
}

Person.prototype.prefixName = function (arr) {
    return arr.map(function (character) {
        return this.name + character;
    });
};
// Cannot read property 'name' of undefined
// A
// B
function Person(name) {
    this.name = name;
}

Person.prototype.prefixName = function (arr) {
    var that = this;
    return arr.map(function (character) {
        return that.name + character;
    });
};
// Store this

Scoping

function Person(name) {
    this.name = name;
}

Person.prototype.prefixName = function (arr) {
    return arr.map(function (character) {
        return this.name + character;
    }, this);
}

Scoping

function Person(name) {
    this.name = name;
}

Person.prototype.prefixName = function (arr) {
    return arr.map(function (character) {
        return this.name + character;
    }.bind(this));
}

Scoping

Arrow Functions

function Person(name) {
    this.name = name;
}

Person.prototype.prefixName = function (arr) {
    return arr.map((character) => this.name + character );
}

Arrow Functions

const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const squares = arr.map(x => x * x);
const squares = arr.map(function (x) { return x * x });
// Function Expression
// Terse

Strings

String.prototype.includes

var string = 'food';
var substring = 'foo';
console.log(string.indexOf(substring) > -1);
const string = 'food';
const substring = 'foo';
console.log(string.includes(substring)); 
// true
// true

String.prototype.repeat

function repeat(string, count) {
    var strings = [];
    while(strings.length < count) {
        strings.push(string);
    }
    return strings.join('');
}
'meow'.repeat(3); 
// meowmeowmow

Template Literals: Escaping Characters

var text = "This string contains \"double quotes\" which are escaped."
 
let text = `This string contains "double quotes" which are escaped.`

 

Template Literals: Interpolation

const name = 'Tiger';
const age = 13;
console.log(`My cat is named ${name} and is ${age} years old.`);
var name = 'Tiger';
var age = 13;
console.log('My cat is named ' + name + ' and is ' + age + ' years old.');
Credit: https://github.com/venegu

Template Literals: Multi-line Strings

var text = (
  'cat\n' +
  'dog\n' +
  'nickelodeon'
)
var text = [
  'cat',
  'dog',
  'nickelodeon'
].join('\n')
var text = (
  `cat
  dog
  nickelodeon`
)

Template Literals: Expressions

let today = new Date()
let text = `The time and date is ${today.toLocaleString()}`

Template Literals: Multi-line Strings

let book = {
  title: 'Harry Potter and The Sorcercers Stone',
  summary: 'Much magic. Such depth.',
  author: 'J.K. Rowling'
}

let html = `<header>
  <h1>${book.title}</h1>
</header>
<section>
  <div>${book.summary}</div>
  <div>${book.author}</div>
</section>`

Destructuring

Destructuring


var luke = { occupation: 'jedi', father: 'anakin' }
var {occupation, father} = luke;
console.log(occupation); // 'jedi'
console.log(father); // 'anakin'
var [a, b] = [10, 20]
console.log(a); // 10

console.log(b); // 20

Destructuring

function getCoords () {
  return {
    x: 10,
    y: 22
  }
}

var {x, y} = getCoords()
console.log(x); // 10
console.log(y); // 22

Modules

Credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/lucaohman/3473867313

Exporting in CommonJS

module.exports = 1
module.exports = { foo: 'bar' }
module.exports = ['foo', 'bar']
module.exports = function bar () {}
export default 1
export default { foo: 'bar' }
export default ['foo', 'bar']
export default function bar () {}

Named Exports

module.exports.name = 'David';
module.exports.age = 25;
export var name = 'David';
export var age  = 25;​​

Exporting in ES6

// math/addition.js
function sumTwo(a, b) {
    return a + b;
}

function sumThree(a, b) {
    return a + b + c;
}



export { sumTwo, sumThree };

Exporting in ES6

export function sumTwo(a, b) {
    return a + b;
}

export function sumThree(a, b) {
    return a + b + c;
}

Exporting default bindings

function sumTwo(a, b) {
    return a + b;
}

function sumThree(a, b) {
    return a + b + c;
}


var api = {
    sumTwo  : sumTwo,
    sumThree: sumThree
}
export default api

Importing Modules

var _ = require('underscore');​
import _ from 'underscore';
import { sumTwo, sumThree } from 'math/addition'
import { 
  sumTwo as addTwoNumbers, 
  sumThree as sumThreeNumbers} from
} from 'math/addition'
import * as util from 'math/addition'

Parameters

Default Parameters

function addTwoNumbers(x, y) {
    x = x || 0;
    y = y || 0;
    return x + y;
}
function addTwoNumbers(x=0, y=0) {
    return x + y;
}

addTwoNumbers(2, 4); // 6
addTwoNumbers(2); // 2
addTwoNumbers(); // 0

Rest Parameters

function logArguments() {
    for (var i=0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
        console.log(arguments[i]);
    }
}
function logArguments(...args) {
    for (let arg of args) {
        console.log(arg);
    }
}

Named Parameters

function initializeCanvas(options) {
    var height = options.height || 600;
    var width  = options.width  || 400;
    var lineStroke = options.lineStroke || 'black';
}
function initializeCanvas(
    { height=600, width=400, lineStroke='black'}) {
        ...
    }
function initializeCanvas(
    { height=600, width=400, lineStroke='black'} = {}) {
        ...
    }

Spread Operator

Math.max(...[-1, 100, 9001, -32]) // 9001
var arr = [1, ...[2,3], 4];
console.log(arr); // [1, 2, 3, 4]
var arr1 = [0, 1, 2];
var arr2 = [3, 4, 5];
arr1.push(...arr2);

Classes

Base Classes

function Person(name, age, gender) {
    this.name   = name;
    this.age    = age;
    this.gender = gender;
}

Person.prototype.incrementAge = function () {
    return this.age += 1;
};

Extended Classes

function Personal(name, age, gender, occupation, hobby) {
    Person.call(this, name, age, gender);
    this.occupation = occupation;
    this.hobby = hobby;
}

Personal.prototype = Object.create(Person.prototype);
Personal.prototype.constructor = Personal;
Personal.prototype.incrementAge = function () {
    return Person.prototype.incrementAge.call(this) += 1;
}

Base Classes in ES6

class Person {
    constructor(name, age, gender) {
        this.name   = name;
        this.age    = age;
        this.gender = gender;
    }
    
    incrementAge() {
      this.age += 1;
    }
}

Extended Classes in ES6

class Personal extends Person {
    constructor(name, age, gender, occupation, hobby) {
      super(name, age, gender);
      this.occupation = occupation;
      this.hobby = hobby;
    }
    
    incrementAge() {
      super.incrementAge();
      this.age += 20;
      console.log(this.age);
    }
}
// Calls parent incrementAge()

Symbols

Unique Property Keys

const key = Symbol();
const keyTwo = Symbol();
const object = {};

>> key === keyTwo 
>> false
object.key = 'Such magic.';
object.keyTwo = 'Much Uniqueness'

Symbols as Concepts

const anakin = 'jedi';
const yoda   = 'jedi master';
const luke   = 'jedi';

const anakin = Symbol();
const yoda   = Symbol();
const luke   = Symbol();

Maps

(Hash) Maps in ES5

var map = new Object();
map[key1] = 'value1';
map[key2] = 'value2';

Seems functional, right...?

Get Own Properties

function getOwnProperty(object, propertyKey) {
    return (object.hasOwnProperty(propertyKey) ? object[propertyKey]: undefined);
}

We should be safe...right?

> getOwnProperty({ hasOwnProperty: 'Hah, overwritten'}, 'Pwned');
> TypeError: Propery 'hasOwnProperty' is not a function

Credit: http://memesvault.com/nooo-meme-darth-vader/

Second time is the charm.

function getOwnProperty(object, propertyKey) {
    return (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty(object, propertyKey) ? object[propertyKey]: undefined);
}

credit: http://deloiz.blogspot.com/2014/01/Pusheen.html

Maps in ES6

let map = new Map();
> map.set('name', 'david');
> map.get('name'); // david
> map.has('name'); // true
// key
// value

Keys can be more than strings!

Arbitrary values as keys

let map = new Map([
    ['name', 'david'],
    [true, 'false'],
    [1, 'one'],
    [{}, 'object'],
    [function () {}, 'function']
]);

for (let key of map.keys()) {
    console.log(typeof key);
    // > string, boolean, number, object, function
};

.entries( )

for (let entry of map.entries()) {
  console.log(entry[0], entry[1]);
}
for (let [key, value] of map.entries()) {
  console.log(key, value);
}

WeakMaps

Classes 101

class Person {
    constructor(age) {
        this.age = age;
    }
    
    incrementAge() {
      this.age += 1;
    }
}

Private data?

Naming Conventions

class Person {
    constructor(age) {
        this._age = age;
    }
    
    _incrementAge() {
      this._age += 1;
    }
}

WeakMaps to the rescue!

(Maybe they're not so weak)

WeakMaps for Privacy

let _age = new WeakMap();
class Person { 
  constructor(age) {
    _age.set(this, age);
  }

  incrementAge() {
    let age = _age.get(this);
      if(age > 90) {
        console.log('Midlife crisis');
      }
  }
}
> const person = new Person(90);
> person.incrementAge(); // 'Midlife crisis'
> Reflect.ownKeys(person); // []

 

credit: http://wildermuth.com/images/pinky-promise_2.jpg

Promises

Callback Hell

func1(function (value1) {
  func2(value1, function(value2) {
    func3(value2, function(value3) {
      func4(value3, function(value4) {
        func5(value4, function(value5) {
          // Do something with value 5
        });
      });
    });
  });
});

D

O

O

M

Promises

func1(value1)
  .then(func2(value1) { })
  .then(func3(value2) { })
  .then(func4(value3) { })
  .then(func5(value4) { 
    // Do something with value 5 
  });

Promises

Promises

new Promise(resolve => resolve(data))
    .then(result => console.log(data));




new Promise((resolve, reject) => 
    reject(new Error('Failed to fufill Promise')))
    .catch(reason => console.log(reason));

Promises

Promises

var fetchJSON = function(url) {  
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    $.getJSON(url)
      .done((json) => resolve(json))
      .fail((xhr, status, err) => reject(status + err.message));
  });
}

Parallelizing using Promises

var urls = [ 
  'http://www.api.com/items/1234',
  'http://www.api.com/items/4567'
];

var urlPromises = urls.map(fetchJSON);

Promise.all(urlPromises)  
  .then(function(results) {
     results.forEach(function(data) {
     });
  })
  .catch(function(err) {
    console.log("Failed: ", err);
  });

Generators

Syntax

function* sillyGenerator() {
    yield 1;
    yield 2;
    yield 3;
    yield 4;
}
var generator = sillyGenerator();
var value = generator.next();
> console.log(value); // { value: 1, done: false }
> console.log(value); // { value: 2, done: false }
> console.log(value); // { value: 3, done: false }
> console.log(value); // { value: 4, done: false }

What about using return?

Return in a Generator

function* sillyGenerator() {
    yield 1;
    yield 2;
    yield 3;
    yield 4;
    return 5;
}

for(let val of sillyGenerator()) {
    console.log(val); // 1, 2, 3, 4
}

Real Generator Function

function* factorial(){
  let [current, total] = [0, 1];

  while (true){
    yield total;
    current++;
    total = total * current;
  }
}

for (let n of factorial()) {
  console.log(n); 
  if(n >= 100000) {
    break;
  }
}

Writing Sync-Async 

function request(url) {
    getJSON(url, function(response) {
        generator.next(response);
    });
}

function* getData() {
    var entry1 = yield request('http://some_api/item1');
    var data1  = JSON.parse(entry1);
    var entry2 = yield request('http://some_api/item2');
    var data2  = JSON.parse(entry2);
}

Not without problems though...

 

  • How do we handle errors?

  • getJSON not in control

  • Parallelize?

Generators & Promises

function request(url) {
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        getJSON(url, resolve);
    });
}

Generators & Promises

function iterateGenerator(gen) {
    var generator = gen();
    var ret;
    (function iterate(val) {
        ret = generator.next();
        if(!ret.done) {
            ret.value.then(iterate);
        } else {
            setTimeout(function() {
                iterate(ret.value);
            });
        }
    })(); 
}

Generators & Promises

iterateGenerator(function* getData() {
  var entry1 = yield request('http://some_api/item1');
  var data1  = JSON.parse(entry1);
  var entry2 = yield request('http://some_api/item2');
  var data2  = JSON.parse(entry2);
});

Alternate Solution?

Beyond ES6

Async / Await (ES7)

var request = require('request');
 
function getJSON(url) {

  request(url, function(error, response, body) {
    return body;
  });
}
 
function main() {
  var data = getJSON('http://some_api/item1');
  console.log(data); // Undefined
}
 
main();

Async / Await (ES7)

var request = require('request');
 
function getJSON(url) {
  return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
    request(url, function(error, response, body) {
      resolve(body);
    });
  });
}
 
async function main() {
  var data = await getJSON();
  console.log(data); // NOT undefined!
}
 
main();
console.log('The data is: ');

Thank you everyone!

Github: https://github.com/DrkSephy
Blog: http://drksephy.github.io/blog/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/drksephy
Twitter: https://twitter.com/DrkSephy
ES6 Cheatsheet: https://github.com/DrkSephy/es6-cheatsheet

Copy of ECMAScript 2015

By gabrielc

Source: David Leonard

Copy of ECMAScript 2015

An overview of ES6 features.

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