Finding a lost song
with Node.js & async iterators

Luciano Mammino (@loige)

2022-03-30

loige.link/song-iter

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loige.link/song-iter

Photo by Darius Bashar on Unsplash

 A random song you haven't listened to
in years pops into your head...

👂🐛

It doesn't matter what you do all day...
It keeps coming back to you! 🐛

Photo by Attentie Attentie on Unsplash

And now you want to listen to it!

Photo by Volodymyr Hryshchenko on Unsplash

But, what if you can't remember

the title or the author?!

Photo by Tachina Lee on Unsplash

THERE MUST BE A WAY TO REMEMBER!

Photo by Marius Niveri on Unsplash

Today, I'll tell you how I solved this problem using

- Last.fm API

- Node.js

- Async Iterators

Photo by Quinton Coetzee on Unsplash

Let me introduce myself first...

👋 I'm Luciano (🇮🇹🍕🍝🤌)

👨‍💻 Senior Architect @ fourTheorem (Dublin 🇮🇪)

nodejsdp.link

📔 Co-Author of Node.js Design Patterns  👉

Let's connect!

  loige.co (blog)

  @loige (twitter)

  loige (twitch)

  lmammino (github)

We are business focused technologists that deliver.


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We are hiring: do you want to work with us?

loige

So, there was this song in my mind... 🐛

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I could only remember some random parts and the word "dark" (probably in the title)

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Luciano - scrobbling since 12 Feb 2007

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~250k scrobbles... that song must be there!

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There's an API!

https://www.last.fm/api

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Let's give it a shot

curl "http://ws.audioscrobbler.com/2.0/?method=user.getrecenttracks&user=loige&api_key=${API_KEY}&format=json" | jq .

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It works! 🥳

Now let's do this with JavaScript

loige

import { request } from 'undici'

const query = new URLSearchParams({
  method: 'user.getrecenttracks',
  user: 'loige',
  api_key: process.env.API_KEY,
  format: 'json'
})

const url = `https://ws.audioscrobbler.com/2.0/?${query}`
const { body } = await request(url)

const data = await body.json()
console.log(data)

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loige

We are getting a "paginated" response with 50 tracks per page

but there are 51 here! 🤔

How do we fetch the next pages?

(let's ignore this for now...)

loige

let page = 1
while (true) {
  const query = new URLSearchParams({
    method: 'user.getrecenttracks',
    user: 'loige',
    api_key: process.env.API_KEY,
    format: 'json',
    page
  })

  const url = `https://ws.audioscrobbler.com/2.0/?${query}`
  const { body } = await request(url)
  const data = await body.json()
  console.log(data)

  if (page === Number(data.recenttracks['@attr'].totalPages)) {
    break // it's the last page!
  }

  page++
}

loige

loige

Seems good! 👌

Let's look at the tracks...

loige

// ...
for (const track of data.recenttracks.track) {
  console.log(
    track.date?.['#text'],
    `${track.artist['#text']} - ${track.name}`
  )
}
console.log('--- end page ---')
// ...

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* Note that page size here is 10 tracks per page

Every page has a song with undefined time...

This is the song I am currently listening to!

It appears at the top of every page.

Sometimes there are duplicated tracks between pages... 😨

The "sliding windows" problem 😩

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...

tracks (newest to oldest)

image/svg+xml
image/svg+xml

Page1

Page2

...

image/svg+xml
image/svg+xml

Page1

Page2

new track

moved from page 1 to page 2

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Time based windows 😎

loige

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...*

tracks (newest to oldest)

image/svg+xml
image/svg+xml

Page1

before t1

(page 1 "to" t1)

t1

t2

before t2

(page 1 "to" t2)

* we are done when we get an empty page (or num pages is 1)

image/svg+xml

to             ...          from

let to = ''
while (true) {
  const query = new URLSearchParams({
    method: 'user.getrecenttracks',
    user: 'loige',
    api_key: process.env.API_KEY,
    format: 'json',
    limit: '10',
    to
  })
  const url = `https://ws.audioscrobbler.com/2.0/?${query}`
  const { body } = await request(url)

  const data = await body.json()
  const tracks = data.recenttracks.track

  console.log(
    `--- ↓ page to ${to}`,
    `remaining pages: ${data.recenttracks['@attr'].totalPages} ---`
  )
  
  for (const track of tracks) {
    console.log(track.date?.uts, `${track.artist['#text']} - ${track.name}`)
  }

  if (data.recenttracks['@attr'].totalPages <= 1) {
    break // it's the last page!
  }

  const lastTrackInPage = tracks[tracks.length - 1]
  to = lastTrackInPage.date.uts
}

loige

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The track of the last timestamp becomes the boundary for the next page

We have a working solution! 🎉
Can we generalise it?

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We know how to iterate over every page/track.
How do we expose this information?

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const reader = LastFmRecentTracks({
  apikey: process.env.API_KEY,
  user: 'loige'
})
// callbacks

reader.readPages(
  (page) => { /* ... */ }, // on page
  (err) => { /* ... */} // on completion (or error)
)

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// event emitter

reader.read()
reader.on('page', (page) => { /* ... */ })
reader.on('completed', (err) => { /* ... */ })

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// streams ❤️

reader.pipe(/* transform or writable stream here */)
reader.on('end', () => { /* ... */ })
reader.on('error', () => { /* ... */ })

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// streams pipeline ❤️❤️

pipeline(
  reader,
  yourProcessingStream,
  (err) => {
    // handle completion or err
  }
)

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// ASYNC ITERATORS! 😵


for await (const page of reader) {
  /* ... */
}

// ... do more stuff when all the 
// data is consumed

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// ASYNC ITERATORS WITH ERROR HANDLING! 🤯

try {
  for await (const page of reader) {
    /* ... */
  }
} catch (err) {
  // handle errors
}

// ... do more stuff when all the 
// data is consumed

loige

How can we build an async iterator? 🧐

loige

Meet the iteration protocols!

loige

loige.co/javascript-iterator-patterns

Iteration concepts

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Iterator

An object that acts as a cursor to iterate over blocks of data sequentially

Iterable

An object that contains data that can be iterated over sequentially

The iterator protocol

An object is an iterator if it has a next() method. Every time you call it, it returns an object with the keys done (boolean) and value.

loige

function createCountdown (from) {
  let nextVal = from
  return {
    next () {
      if (nextVal < 0) {
        return { done: true }
      }

      return { 
        done: false,
        value: nextVal--
      }
    }
  }
}

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const countdown = createCountdown(3)
console.log(countdown.next())
// { done: false, value: 3 }

console.log(countdown.next())
// { done: false, value: 2 }

console.log(countdown.next())
// { done: false, value: 1 }

console.log(countdown.next())
// { done: false, value: 0 }

console.log(countdown.next())
// { done: true }

loige

Generator functions "produce" iterators!

loige

function * createCountdown (from) {
  for (let i = from; i >= 0; i--) {
    yield i
  }
}

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const countdown = createCountdown(3)
console.log(countdown.next())
// { done: false, value: 3 }

console.log(countdown.next())
// { done: false, value: 2 }

console.log(countdown.next())
// { done: false, value: 1 }

console.log(countdown.next())
// { done: false, value: 0 }

console.log(countdown.next())
// { done: true, value: undefined }

loige

The iterable protocol

An object is iterable if it implements the Symbol.iterator method, a zero-argument function that returns an iterator.

loige

function createCountdown (from) {
  let nextVal = from
  return {
    [Symbol.iterator]: () => ({
      next () {
        if (nextVal < 0) {
          return { done: true }
        }

        return { done: false, value: nextVal-- }
      }
    })
  }
}

loige

function createCountdown (from) {
  return {
    [Symbol.iterator]: function * () {
      for (let i = from; i >= 0; i--) {
        yield i
      }
    }
  }
}

loige

const countdown = createCountdown(3)

for (const value of countdown) {
  console.log(value)
}

// 3
// 2
// 1
// 0

loige

OK. So far this is all synchronous iteration.
What about async? 🙄

loige

The async iterator protocol

An object is an async iterator if it has a next() method. Every time you call it, it returns a promise that resolves to an object with the keys done (boolean) and value.

loige

import { setTimeout } from 'timers/promises'

function createAsyncCountdown (from, delay = 1000) {
  let nextVal = from
  return {
    async next () {
      await setTimeout(delay)
      if (nextVal < 0) {
        return { done: true }
      }

      return { done: false, value: nextVal-- }
    }
  }
}

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const countdown = createAsyncCountdown(3)
console.log(await countdown.next())
// { done: false, value: 3 }

console.log(await countdown.next())
// { done: false, value: 2 }

console.log(await countdown.next())
// { done: false, value: 1 }

console.log(await countdown.next())
// { done: false, value: 0 }

console.log(await countdown.next())
// { done: true }

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import { setTimeout } from 'timers/promises'

// async generators "produce" async iterators!

async function * createAsyncCountdown (from, delay = 1000) {
  for (let i = from; i >= 0; i--) {
    await setTimeout(delay)
    yield i
  }
}

loige

The async iterable protocol

An object is an async iterable if it implements the Symbol.asyncIterator method, a zero-argument function that returns an async iterator.

loige

import { setTimeout } from 'timers/promises'

function createAsyncCountdown (from, delay = 1000) {
  return {
    [Symbol.asyncIterator]: async function * () {
      for (let i = from; i >= 0; i--) {
        await setTimeout(delay)
        yield i
      }
    }
  }
}

loige

HOT TIP 🔥

With async generators we can create objects that are both async iterators and async iterables!

loige

(We don't need to specify Symbol.asyncIterator explicitly!)
import { setTimeout } from 'timers/promises'

// async generators "produce" async iterators
// (and iterables!)

async function * createAsyncCountdown (from, delay = 1000) {
  for (let i = from; i >= 0; i--) {
    await setTimeout(delay)
    yield i
  }
}

loige

const countdown = createAsyncCountdown(3)

for await (const value of countdown) {
  console.log(value)
}

loige

Now we know how to make our LastFmRecentTracks an Async Iterable 🤩

loige

import { request } from 'undici'


async function* createLastFmRecentTracks (apiKey, user) {
  let to = ''
  while (true) {
    const query = new URLSearchParams({
      method: 'user.getrecenttracks',
      user,
      api_key: apiKey,
      format: 'json',
      to
    })
    const url = `https://ws.audioscrobbler.com/2.0/?${query}`
    const { body } = await request(url)

    const data = await body.json()
    const tracks = data.recenttracks.track

    yield tracks

    if (data.recenttracks['@attr'].totalPages <= 1) {
      break // it's the last page!
    }

    const lastTrackInPage = tracks[tracks.length - 1]
    to = lastTrackInPage.date.uts
  }
}

loige

const recentTracks = createLastFmRecentTracks(
  process.env.API_KEY,
  'loige'
)

for await (const page of recentTracks) {
  console.log(page)
}

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Let's search for all the songs that contain the word "dark" in their title! 🧐

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const recentTracks = createLastFmRecentTracks(
  process.env.API_KEY,
  'loige'
)

for await (const page of recentTracks) {
  for (const track of page) {
    if (track.name.toLowerCase().includes('dark')) {
      console.log(`${track.artist['#text']} - ${track.name}`)
    }
  }
}

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OMG! This is the song! 😱
...from 8 years ago!

🔥 HOT TIP

You can make your Async Iterators "smart" by adding extra behaviours (e.g. error handling and automatic retries)

loige

loige.link/scrobbles

Can we use this on the frontend?

// tradeWs is a websocket channel
for await (const price of prices(tradeWs)) {
  // every time we get a new price through
  // the websocket, update the UI
  document
    .getElementById("price")
    .innerText = price.dogecoin;
}

loige

Cover picture by Markus Spiske on Unsplash
❤️ Thanks to @goldbergyoni, Jacek Spera, @eoins, @pelger, @gbinside, @ManuEomm, @simonplend  for reviews and suggestions.

loige.link/song-iter  -  loige.link/async-it-code - loige.link/scrobbles

for await (const _ of createAsyncCountdown(1_000_000)) {
  console.log("THANK YOU! 😍")
}

loige

nodejsdp.link

Finding a lost song with Node.js and async iterators

By Luciano Mammino

Finding a lost song with Node.js and async iterators

Did you ever get that feeling when a random song pops into your brain and you can’t get rid of it? Well, that happened to me recently and I couldn’t even remember the title of the damn song! In this talk, I want to share with you the story of how I was able to recover the details of the song by navigating some music-related APIs using JavaScript, Node.js and the magic of async iterators!

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