Psychology

1. The goals of Psychology
2. What theories does psychology explore?
3. Fields of Psychology

Psychology Goals

Psychology - Theory

Psychology - Studies

Scientists of Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt

i)    Structuralism

(1)    Objective sensations, mental images, subjective feelings

(2)    Mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience

William James

i)     Functionalism

(1)    Studied behavior, mind, and consciousness

(2)    Observation of thought will manifest into a behavior

John Watson

BF Skinner

i)        Learned behavior is reinforced

ii)       Does not believe in free will because all drives are motivated by some kind of reinforcement

iii)     Schedules of reinforcement

(1)    Fixed ratio

(a)    Reinforcement given after fixed number of responses

(2)    Variable Ratio

(a)    Reinforcement given after uncertain responses

BF Skinner Continued

(3)    Fixed interval

(a)    Reinforcement given after fixed number of correct responses over time

(4)    Variable Interval

(a)    Reinforcement given after first correct response

Sigmund Freud

i)        Psychoanalysis

ii)       Gave cocaine to his patients for treatment

iii)     Analyzed personalities

iv)     The Cognitive Perspective

(1)    Concerned with the ways we mentally perceive the world

(2)    Memory, perceptions, learning, problem solving, decision making, language, planning

Sigmond Freud Continued

v)    Psychoanalytic Theory – Structure of Personality

(1)    ID: pleasure principle

(2)    Ego: Reality principle

(3)    Superego: Moral component

(4)    Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

SIGMOND FREUD CONTINUED

vi)    Psychodynamic Perspectives

(1)    Rationalization – Question why?

(2)    Repression – Don’t think about it

(3)    Projection – Shares feelings

(4)    Displacement – Uneasy feelings bought to a safe environment

(5)    Reaction Formation – Do something constructive

(6)    Regression – Not your fault

(7)    Identification – How you identify yourself amongst your friends

SIGMOND FREUD CONTINUED

vii)    Freud’s Psychosexual stages of Development

(1)    Fixated: growth and development stops

(2)    Oral: first year

(3)    Anal: second year

(4)    Phallic: around four

(5)    Latency: around six

(6)    Genital: beginning of puberty

(7)    Oedipal complex: instinctive energy to bind to the opposite parent

Piaget

i)    Theory of Cognitive Development

(1)    Scheme

(a)    Cognitive structure (file folder)

(2)    Assimilation

(a)    New objects are inherited from previous schemes

(3)    Accommodation

(a)    Existing schemes are modifiers

(4)    Sensorimotor (0-2)

(a)    Object permanence

Piaget Continued

(5)    Preoperational (2-7)

(a)    Symbolic function

(i)      Pretend play

1.       Blocks are cars

(ii)    Egocentrism

1.       See what you see, feel like they feel, thinks what they think

a.       “a cookie is only good if it is unbroken"

Piaget Continued

Kohlberg

i)    Moral compass

(1)    More interested in the reasons for participants responses than whether behavior was judged right or wrong

ii)       Theory of Moral Development

(1)    Preconvention

(a)    Reasoning and actions governed by standards of others and not internalized standards

(2)    Stage 1

(a)    “right is whatever avoids punishment”

Kolhberg Continued

Elizabeth Kubler Ross

i)    Stages of Grieving

(1)    Denial

(2)    Anger

(3)    Bargaining

(4)    Depression

(5)    Acceptance

Pavlov

i)    Classical Conditioning

(1)    Stimulus

(a)    Any object with provokes a response

(2)    UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus)

(a)    Stimulus that evokes a response

(3)    UCR (Unconditioned Response)

(a)    A natural response

Pavlov continued

Pavlov Continued

ii)    Extinction

(1)    Disappearance of the CR with CS without the UCS

iii)       Spontaneous Recovery

(1)    Reappearance of extinguished response after exposure to original CS

iv)     Changing CR

(1)    Generalization

(a)    The tendency to make a CR to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS

Pavlov Continued

Lab Science Of Psychology

1. The Scientific Method
2. Samples and Populations
3. Methods of Observation
4. Experimental Method
5. Types of Groups
6. Ethics of Research

The Scientific Method

Samples and Populations

i)    Sample

ii)   Population

iii)  Representative samples allow generalization

iv)  Random and Stratified Sampling

(1)   Random Sample

(2)   Stratified sample (pool from large population)

(3)   Volunteer bias

Methods of Observation

i)    Case study

(1)    Gather info from groups

ii)       Survey

(1)    Collect info that cannot be observed directly

iii)     Naturalistic Observation

(1)    Observe in natural environment

(2)    Unobtrusive measure

Experimental Method

i)    Demonstrates cause and effect through scientific method

(1)    Independent variable

(2)    Dependent variable

(3)    Attitude (Dependent) depends on temperature (independent)

Types of Groups

i)    Control groups

(1)    Either retrieve no treatment or a standard treatment

ii)    Blind

(1)    Information that may cause bias is concealed from the tester

iii)   Double Blind

(1)    Denoting a test in which any information that may influence behavior of the tester or the subject is withheld until after the test

Ethics of research

i)    No harm will come to subjects of experiments

ii)   Informed consent

iii)  Confidentiality

iv)  Deception

v)   Debriefing

vi)  No research on animals unless it cannot be done on humans

Drugs

1. Opiates
2. Depressants
3. Stimulants
4. Substance Abuse
5. Drug Dependence
6. Behavior Effects

Opiates

Depressants

Stimulants

Substance Abuse

Drug Dependence

Behavior Effects

Behavior effects continued

Behavior Effects continued