Kotlin Multiplatform
JVM
Android
Browser
Native
Kotlin 1.6
Tobse Fritz
- Reich
- Gut aussehend
- ITscope GmbH
- Kotlin Fanboy
- Java Entwickler
- Clean Coder
- Hobby Fotograf
- Gaming Nerd
- 3D Printer
- Daddy
Tobse Fritz
GitHub
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Und wo wohnst DU?
https://www.menti.com
Code: 1842 9218
Kotlin Features
- Prägnant
- Sicher
- Interoperabel
- Optimales Tooling
Kotlin Features
public class Person {
private final String firstName;
private final String lastName;
private final LocalDate birthDay;
public Person(String firstName, String lastName,
LocalDate birthDay) {
this.firstName = firstName;
this.lastName = lastName;
this.birthDay = birthDay;
}
public String getFirstName() {
return firstName;
}
public String getLastName() {
return lastName;
}
public LocalDate getBirthDay() {
return birthDay;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (this == o) return true;
if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
Person person = (Person) o;
return Objects.equals(firstName, person.firstName) &&
Objects.equals(lastName, person.lastName) &&
Objects.equals(birthDay, person.birthDay);
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
return Objects.hash(firstName, lastName, birthDay);
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person{" +
"firstName='" + firstName + '\'' +
", lastName='" + lastName + '\'' +
", birthDay=" + birthDay +
'}';
}
}
data class PersonK(
val firstName: String,
val lastName: String,
val birthDay: LocalDate
)
Java
Kotlin
Prägnanz
Kotlin Features
Sicher
var name: String
name = null
println(name.length)
Kotlin
// Compile Error 🤗
⚡NullpointerException 🤔
var name: String?
name = null
if(name != null){
println(name.length)
}
Kotlin Features
Sicher
var output: String
output = null
Kotlin
val name: String? = null
println(name.length)
fun calculateTotal(obj: Any) {
if (obj is Invoice){
obj.calculateTotal()
}
}
fun isCloneBaby(father: Person, son: Person): Boolean {
return father == son
}
// Compile Error
// Compile Error
// Autocast
// equals()
Kotlin Features
Interoperabel
fun callJava(){
val backend = LegacyBackend()
backend.sendMail("Be prepared... we deploy")
}
Kotlin
private void callKotlin(){
var backend = new NewBackend();
backend.sendSlack("We introduced NetID oAuth!");
}
Java
Kotlin Features
Interoperabel
- iOS (arm32, arm64, simulator x86_64)
- MacOS (x86_64)
- Android (arm32, arm64)
- Windows (mingw x86_64, x86)
- Linux (x86_64, arm32, MIPS, MIPS little endian, Raspberry Pi)
- WebAssembly (wasm32)
Kotlin Features
Optimales Tooling
Kotlin Features
- Prägnant
- Sicher
- Interoperabel
- Optimales Tooling
- Frei & OpenSource
Kotlin Features
- Prägnant
- Sicher
- Interoperabel
- Optimales Tooling
Kotlin Features
Prägnant
Sicher
Interoperabel
Optimales Tooling
Frei & OpenSource
Inline Classes
Extensions
Delegtions
String Builders
Contracts
Operator Overloading
Gradle DSL
Data Classes
Coroutines
Kotlin Everywhere
https://stackshare.io/kotlin
https://octoverse.github.com
https://github.com/ygaller/kotlin-companies/wiki
Trello
Evernote
Trivago
Runtastic
Tinder
Uber
My Taxi
Klarna
Mastercard
N26
182 %
Wachstum auf GitHub 2019
Wer hat's erfunden?
Jul 2011 - Öffentliche Bekanntmachung
Feb 2016 - Release Version 1.0
Nov 2017 - Release Version 1.2
Mai 2017 - Offizielle Sprache für Android
Kotlin Native v0.4 & Multiplatform
Okt 2018 - Gründung Kotlin Foundation
Wer hat's erfunden?
Jul 2011 - Öffentliche Bekanntmachung
Feb 2016 - Release Version 1.0
Nov 2017 - Release Version 1.2
Mai 2017 - Offizielle Sprache für Android
Kotlin Native v0.4 & Multiplatform
Okt 2018 - Gründung Kotlin Foundation
Aug 2020 - Kotlin Multiplatform Mobile - Alpha
Nov 2020 - Jetpack Compose for Desktop - M1
Mai 2021 - Jetpack Compose for Web
Nov 2021 - Release Kotlin 1.6
Dez 2021 - Compose Multiplatform 1.0
Wer hat's erfunden?
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Kotlin JVM
Kotlin
Compiler
Java
Compiler
Kotlin
Runtime
*.kt
*.class
*.java
*.jar
Interoperabel
fun callJava(){
val backend = LegacyBackend()
backend.sendMail("Be prepared... we deploy")
}
Kotlin
private void callKotlin(){
var backend = new NewBackend();
backend.sendSlack("We introduced NetID oAuth!");
}
Java
Kotlin JVM
Kotlin JVM
Kotlin JVM
https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/current/spring-framework-reference/web-reactive.html
@RestController
public class HelloController {
@GetMapping("/hello")
public String handle() {
return "Hello WebFlux";
}
}
Spring WebFlux provides an annotation-based programming model, where @Controller and @RestController components use annotations to express request mappings, request input, handle exceptions, and more. Annotated controllers have flexible method signatures and do not have to extend base classes nor implement specific interfaces.
The following listing shows a basic example:
https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/.../web-reactive.html
Kotlin
Java
Kotlin JVM
@RestController
class HelloController {
@GetMapping("/hello")
fun handle() = "Hello WebFlux"
}
Spring WebFlux provides an annotation-based programming model, where @Controller and @RestController components use annotations to express request mappings, request input, handle exceptions, and more. Annotated controllers have flexible method signatures and do not have to extend base classes nor implement specific interfaces.
The following listing shows a basic example:
https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/current/spring-framework-reference/web-reactive.html
https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/.../web-reactive.html
Kotlin
Java
Kotlin
Java
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Kotlin Gradle DSL
plugins {
kotlin("jvm") version "1.5"
java
}
group = "de.tfr.presentation"
version = "1.0-SNAPSHOT"
repositories {
mavenCentral()
}
dependencies {
implementation(kotlin("stdlib-js"))
testCompile("junit", "junit", "4.12")
}
configure<JavaPluginConvention> {
languageVersion.set(JavaLanguageVersion.of(11))
}
Kotlin Gradle DSL
Example 1. Dependency declarations for a JVM-based project
Groovy
Kotlin
plugins {
id 'java-library'
}
repositories {
mavenCentral()
}
dependencies {
implementation 'org.hibernate:hibernate-core:3.6.7.Final'
api 'com.google.guava:guava:23.0'
testImplementation 'junit:junit:4.+'
}
Kotlin Gradle DSL
Example 1. Dependency declarations for a JVM-based project
Groovy
Kotlin
plugins {
`java-library`
}
repositories {
mavenCentral()
}
dependencies {
implementation("org.hibernate:hibernate-core:3.6.7.Final")
api("com.google.guava:guava:23.0")
testImplementation("junit:junit:4.+")
}
Kotlin Scratch Files
fun ourCoolBuildScript(){
val timeStamp = LocalDateTime.now()
downloadI18nMessages()
formatMessageProperties()
mergeChangeLogEntries(timeStamp)
sendSlackMessage("We're gonna deploy that stuff 🤘")
}
One-Click Scripts
*.kts
Kotlin Scratch Files
- Build scripts (Gradle/Kobalt)
- Test scripts (Spek)
- Command-line Utilities
- Routing Skripte (ktor)
- Type-safe configuration files (TeamCity)
- In-process scripting and REPL for IDE
- Consoles like IPython/Jupyter Notebook
- Game scripting engines
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Welcome
to the Native World
Kotlin Native
Kotlin Native
Kotlin Multiplatform
!=
Kotlin Native
Technologie um Kotlin Code zu nativen Binaries zu kompilieren, die ohne VM laufen.
- Bestmögliche Integration in existierende Systeme
- Einfache Anwendung
- Nützliches Tooling
Kotlin Native
- iOS (arm32, arm64, simulator x86_64)
- MacOS (x86_64)
- Android (arm32, arm64)
- Windows (mingw x86_64, x86)
- Linux (x86_64, arm32, MIPS, MIPS little endian, Raspberry Pi)
- WebAssembly (wasm32)
JVM
Android
Browser
Native
Kotlin Native
Kotlin
Compiler
LLVM
Compiler
*.kt
LLVM IR
*.exe
The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure.
IR = Intermediate Representation
Kotlin Native
Kotlin
Compiler
Kotlin
Compiler
*.kt
LLVM IR
*.exe
The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure.
IR = Intermediate Representation
Frontend
Backend
Kotlin Native
val appData = SystemUtil.getEnvironmentVariable("LOCALAPPDATA")
val toolboxPath = """$appData\JetBrains\Toolbox"""
val channelsPath = """$toolboxPath\apps\IDEA-U\ch-0\"""
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
runIntelliJ(getProjectPath(args))
}
fun runIntelliJ(projectPath: String?) {
File(path = channelsPath)
.listAllFolders()
.filter(::isVersion)
.mapToVersion()
.findNewestVersion()
?.getIntellIJPath()
?.exec(params = projectPath)
}
Kotlin Native
import kotlinx.cinterop.alloc
import kotlinx.cinterop.nativeHeap
import kotlinx.cinterop.ptr
import kotlinx.cinterop.toKString
import platform.windows.*
data class File(val fileName: String? = null, val path: String, val type: Type) {
enum class Type { File, Folder, Unknown }
fun listAllFiles(): List<File> {
val searchPath = "$path*".replace("/", "\\")
val files = mutableListOf<File>()
val fileData = nativeHeap.alloc<_WIN32_FIND_DATAA>()
val handle: HANDLE? = FindFirstFileA(searchPath, fileData.ptr)
var fileNumber = 0
val maxFilesToScan = 1000
if (handle != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
do {
val fileName = fileData.cFileName.toKString()
var type = Type.Unknown
if (fileData.dwFileAttributes.toInt() and FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL > 0) {
type = Type.File
}
if (fileData.dwFileAttributes.toInt() and FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY > 0) {
type = Type.Folder
}
files += File(fileName = fileName, path = path, type = type)
fileNumber++
} while (FindNextFileA(handle, fileData.ptr) != 0
&& fileNumber < maxFilesToScan)
FindClose(handle)
} else {
println("Illegal Path")
}
return files
}
fun exec(params: String? = "") {
val command = "${toAbsolutePath()} ${params ?: ""}"
WinExec(command, SW_SHOW)
}
fun toAbsolutePath(): String {
return path + fileName
}
fun listAllFolders(): List<File> {
return listAllFiles().filter { file -> file.type == Type.Folder }
}
fun isFolder() = type == Type.Folder
override fun toString() = "$type:${toAbsolutePath()}"
}
Kotlin Native
Kotlin Native
Wie schnell ist das denn?
Wie schnell ist das denn?
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val start = getTimeMillis()
var c = 0L
var string = ""
for(i in 0.. 100_000){
c += (i / 2)
c += 1
string += c
}
println( getTimeMillis() - start)
}
BENCHMARK
Benchmark
[ millisekunden / run ] ► weniger ist besser
IT DEPENDS
Source Code
Runtime
VM
Graal
VM
Graal
JVM
Java 15
JVM
Java 15
Math
String
Memory
Math
String
Memory
Chromium
Native Win x64
Kotlin 1.5
Kotlin 1.4
Compiler
fun benchMath(iterations: Int): Double {
var c = 0.0
for (i in 0..iterations) {
c += (i / 2.0)
c += (i % 3.0)
c += sqrt(i * 3.0)
c += 1
}
return c
}
Math Benchmark
100_000_000
fun benchString(iterations: Int) {
var c = 0L
var string = ""
for (i in 0..iterations) {
c += (i / 3)
c += 1
val next = c % 10
string += next
}
}
String Benchmark
100_000
fun benchObjectList(iterations: Int): Int {
val list = mutableListOf<Machine>()
for (i in 0..iterations) {
list.add(Machine("ABC-0$i", i, i / 3.0))
}
return list.size
}
class Machine(val name: String, val wheels: Int, val weight: Double)
Memory Benchmark
10_000_000
void benchMath(int iterations) {
var c = 0.0;
for (int i =0; i < iterations; i++) {
c += (i / 2.0);
c += (i % 3.0);
c += Math.sqrt(i * 3.0);
c += 1;
}
}
Math Benchmark
100_000_000
void benchString(int iterations) {
var c = 0;
var string = "";
for (int i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
c += (i / 3);
c += 1;
var next = c % 10;
string += next;
}
}
String Benchmark
100_000
Math Benchmark
100_000_000
public class BenchmarkMemory {
void benchObjectList(int iterations) {
var list = new ArrayList<PerpetuumMobile>();
for (int i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
list.add(new PerpetuumMobile("ABC-0" + i, i, (i / 3.0)));
}
}
private static class Machine {
String name;
Integer wheels;
Double weight;
public Machine(String name, int wheels, double weight) {
this.name = name;
this.wheels = wheels;
this.weight = weight;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (this == o) return true;
if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
Machine that = (Machine) o;
return wheels == that.wheels && Double.compare(that.weight, weight)
== 0 && Objects.equals(name, that.name);
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
return Objects.hash(name, wheels, weight);
}
}
}
Chrome Headless | 90.4430.93 |
Open JDK | 15.0.2 |
GraalVM Native-Image | 21.0.0.2 |
Windows 10 x64 | AMD Ryzen 7 1800X 64GB RAM |
Messungen
Multiplatform Benchmark
Multiplatform Benchmark
Benchmark
Benchmark
Benchmark
Benchmark
Und der Speicher?
Und der Speicher?
Und der Speicher?
Memory Benchmark 10_000_000
Und der Speicher?
Und der Speicher?
Wie groß ist es?
Wie groß ist es?
Wie groß ist es?
Kotlin Native Hallo World
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Kotlin Native
vs
Graal
VM
Graal
VM
Language Choice
High Performance
Advanced Tools
Ahead-of-Time Compilation
Startup Time
Memory Footprint
Graal
VM
Graal
VM
Kotlin Native | Graal VM | |
---|---|---|
Fokus | Interoperabilität | Polyglot + Performance |
Sprache | Kotlin 1.6 | Java 17, R, JS, Python |
Status | Beta | 21.3 |
Platform | Win, Linux, Mac, IOS, Android, Embedded | Linux, Mac, (Win) |
Lizenz | Apache License 2.0 | GPL - Community Ed. |
Kotlin Native
vs
Kotless
kotless {
config {
aws {
storage {
bucket = "kotless.s3.example.com"
}
profile = "example"
region = "eu-west-1"
}
}
webapp {
dns("kotless", "example.com")
}
}
Kotlin serverless framework
settings.gradle.kts:
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Kotlin JS
Kotlin
Transpiler
*.kt
*.ts
*.js
*.map
Kotlin JS
Kotlin JS
[
{
"title": "Temtem",
"price": "39,99 €",
"description": "Temtem ist ein Multiplayer-Kreaturen-Sammlung Abenteuer,
inspiriert von Pokémon.",
"url": "https://store.steampowered.com/app/745920/Temtem/",
"coverUrl": "https://steamcdn-a.akamaihd.net/steam/apps/745920/header.jpg"
},
{
"title": "A Plague Tale: Innocence",
"price": "39,99 €",
"description": "Folge den Spuren von Hugo [..]",
"url": "https://store.steampowered.com/app/752590/A_Plague_Tale_Innocence/",
"coverUrl": "https://steamcdn-a.akamaihd.net/steam/apps/752590/header.jpg"
}
]
game_wishlist.json
Kotlin JS
plugins {
id("kotlin2js") version "1.6.10"
}
dependencies {
implementation(kotlin("stdlib-js"))
}
build.gradle.kts
<html>
<body>
<!-- Link to the compiled js files-->
<script src="kotlin.js"></script>
<!-- Link to the compiled js files-->
<script src="output.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
index.html
Kotlin JS
import kotlinx.browser.document
import kotlinx.browser.window
import kotlinx.dom.addClass
import org.w3c.dom.Element
import org.w3c.dom.HTMLButtonElement
import org.w3c.dom.HTMLDivElement
import org.w3c.dom.HTMLImageElement
fun build(game: Game): Element {
val containerElement = document.createElement("div") as HTMLDivElement
val imageElement = document.createElement("img") as HTMLImageElement
val titleElement = document.createElement("div") as HTMLDivElement
val priceElement = document.createElement("div") as HTMLDivElement
val descriptionElement = document.createElement("div") as HTMLDivElement
}
data class Game(val title: String, val price: String, val description: String, val url: String, val coverUrl: String)
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Kotlin Android
Kotlin
Compiler
Java
Compiler
*.kt
*.class
*.java
JVM
Java Virtual Machine
Kotlin Android
Kotlin
Compiler
Java
Compiler
*.kt
*.class
*.java
DEX
Compiler
DVM
Dalvik Virtual Machine
Kotlin Android
Kotlin
Compiler
Java
Compiler
*.kt
*.class
*.java
DEX
Compiler
ART
Android Runtime
AOT
Compiler
Kotlin Android
DevLand
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Kotlin Multiplatform
Technologie um Kotlin Code auf unterschiedlichen Plattformen
wiederzuverwenden.
- Interoperabilität
- Maximale Code Wiederverwendung
- Über ein Kotlin Common Modul
Kotlin Multiplatform
- Kann sich ändern
- Offizielle Doku ist Referenz
Kotlin Multiplatform
Kotlin 1.3
JVM
JS
Linux
macOS
Common
Kotlin Multiplatform
JVM
JS
Linux
macOS
Common
Native
JVM + JS
Kotlin Multiplatform
JVM
JS
Linux
macOS
Common
Native
JVM + JS
Kotlin Multiplatform
JVM
JS
Linux
macOS
Common
Native
JVM + JS
Kotlin Multiplatform
JVM
JS
Linux
macOS
Common
Native
JVM + JS
Kotlin Multiplatform
*.kt
Kotlin
Compiler
Kotlin
Compiler
Kotlin
Compiler
*.js
*.class
*.kt
*.kt
Kotlin 1.4
*.exe
Kotlin
Compiler
Backend
LLVM IR
Kotlin Multiplatform
Kotlin
Compiler
*.kt
Kotlin
Compiler
Kotlin
Compiler
Kotlin
Compiler
*.js
*.class
*.kt
*.kt
LLVM IR
Kotlin 1.5
*.exe
Backend
Frontend
JVM
JS
Linux
IOS
Common
Kotlin Multiplatform
Android
Dependency Management
JVM
JS
Linux
IOS
Common
Kotlin Multiplatform
Android
Dependency Management
JVM
Common-Date-Util-Lib
JVM
JS
Linux
IOS
Common
Kotlin Multiplatform
Android
Dependency Management
Mobile-DB-OR-Mapper-Lib
Android
JVM
JS
Linux
IOS
Common
Kotlin Multiplatform
Android
Dependency Management
Twitter-Rest-API
JS
Kotlin Multiplatform
internal expect fun writeLogMessage(message: String, logLevel: LogLevel)
internal actual fun writeLogMessage(message: String, logLevel: LogLevel) {
println("[$logLevel]: $message")
}
Common
internal actual fun writeLogMessage(message: String, logLevel: LogLevel) {
when (logLevel) {
LogLevel.DEBUG -> console.log(message)
LogLevel.WARN -> console.warn(message)
LogLevel.ERROR -> console.error(message)
}
}
expect
actual
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Multiplatform
Mobile
Kotlin
Multiplatform
Mobile
Kotlin
Multiplatform
Mobile
Kotlin
- DRY
- Bestpractise und Architektur der
Platform beibehalten - Nativ = Keine Crossplatform Technologie
- Keine Änderung für Android
- Für IOS ist es nur ein Library import
- Nur die UI-Layer wird doppelt geschrieben
Kotlin Everywhere
https://kotlinlang.org/lp/mobile/case-studies/
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Jetpack Compose
Jetpack Compose
For
Android
For
Desktop
For
Web
Nov 2020
TECHNICAL
PREVIEW
Mai 2021
TECHNICAL
PREVIEW
STABLE
Jul 2021
Jetpack Compose
@Composable
fun App() {
MaterialTheme {
Button(){
Text("Hallo World")
}
}
}
- Funktional
- Stateless
- Keine Seiteneffekte
- Idempotent
- Kein return
- Deklarativ
- Reaktiv
- UI in Code
f( )
Data
UI
Jetpack Compose
@Composable
fun App() {
MaterialTheme {
halloButton("Hallo World")
}
}
@Composable
private fun halloButton(text: String) {
Button() {
Text(text)
}
}
f( )
Data
UI
Jetpack Compose
@Composable
fun App() {
MaterialTheme {
halloButton("Hallo World")
}
}
@Composable
private fun halloButton(text: String) {
var textProperty by remember { mutableStateOf(text) }
Button( onClick = { text += " - Live in Peace" }) {
Text(textProperty)
}
}
Jetpack Compose
@Composable
private fun halloButton(text: String) {
Kotlin Compiler
Compose Compiler Plugin
Kotlin Multiplatform
Kotlin JVM
Kotlin Native
Kotlin JS
Desktop
IOS
JAR
APK
Native Exe
Native App
Web
App
Android
Kotlin Multiplatform
Candy Crush Clone
Demo Projekte
Kotlin JS
Game Wishlist
Kotlin Native
IntelliJ Launcher - Win 32 API
Kotlin Multiplatform
HitKlack Spiel - Korge
🔩Stabilitätscheck
BETA
STABLE
ALPHA
EXPERIMENTAL
try it only in toy projects
use at your own risk,
expect migration issues
you can use it, we'll do our best to minimize migration issues for you
use it even in most conservative scenarios
🔩Stabilitätscheck
Kotlin/JVM
STABLE
kotlin-stdlib (JVM)
STABLE
Kotlin/Native Runtime
BETA
KLib binaries
ALPHA
Kotlin Scripts (*.kts)
BETA
Multiplatform Projects
ALPHA
expect/actual feature
BETA
KMM IDE Plugin
ALPHA
Compiler Plugin API
EXPERIMENTAL
🔩Stabilitätscheck
Kotlin/JVM
STABLE
kotlin-stdlib (JVM)
STABLE
Kotlin/Native Runtime
BETA
KLib binaries
ALPHA
Kotlin Scripts (*.kts)
BETA
Multiplatform Projects
ALPHA
expect/actual feature
BETA
Compiler Plugin API
EXPERIMENTAL
KMM IDE Plugin
ALPHA
DevLand
VeganCountry
MobileRivers
CloudMountains
NativeIsland
FrontendArea
ConfigHills
BackEndGrounds
DevLand
- Kotlin in fast jedem Land
- Die Leute übernehmen die Sprache mit Leichtigkeit
- Die gemeinsame Sprache lässt die einzelnen Länder zusammenwachsen
- Das geteilte Wissen der Common Bib erspart jedem Land viel Arbeit
- Der neue Schlachtruf: "Sharing is caring"
- Die Götter haben die Zeichen für ein neues Zeitalter mit neuen Werkzeugen und Möglichkeiten angekündigt
- Mutige Helden beschreiten schon heute den Weg der Götter
THE END
THE END
Quellen
Kotlin JS Beispiel - Game Wishlist
github.com/TobseF/KotlinJsGameWishlist
Kotlin Native Beispiel - IntelliJ Launcher
github.com/TobseF/IntelliJ-Launcher-n
Multiplatform Beispiel - Hit Klack - Korge
Multiplatform Benchmark
Quellen
- github.com/oracle/graal/blob/master/substratevm/LIMITATIONS.md
- korge.soywiz.com
- llvm.org/docs
-
https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2020/08/announcing-jetpack-compose-alpha.html
-
https://blog.mindorks.com/how-does-the-kotlin-multiplatform-work
-
https://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/2021/02/the-jvm-backend-is-in-beta-let-s-make-it-stable-together/
-
https://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/2020/07/kotlin-native-memory-management-roadmap/
Kotlin 1.6 Multiplatform
By Tobse Fritz
Kotlin 1.6 Multiplatform
Platform übergreifende und native Entwicklung mit Koltin 1.6
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