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ANDREA GIGNI

MARTINO GIANNONE

ANDREA PARODI

LORENZO NUNZIANTE

- The late Victorian Age is set from 1870 to 1901

- This period is characterized by a decay of the traditional Victorian values and a general sense of crisis and disillusion

- The scientific discoveries shown at the Great Exhibition in 1851 stopped

- Apex of imperialism

- 1861: Death of Prince Albert

- Queen Victoria is still the leading figure

- Regroupement of the political parties

Whig Liberals Leader: William Gladstone

Tories Conservatives Leader: Benjamin Disraeli

They win the political elections

III

Britain was a constitutional monarchy

because

the power of the Monarch was greatly restricted by Parliament

this system became one of the most democratic in Europe during the 19th century

The politics of the country was dominated by Conservatives

Liberals

IV

By 1870, Britain was the most industrialised and the most powerful country

It possessed the world's largest empire one-sixth of the Earth's land surface

which includes:

India
South Africa
Canada
Australia
Malaya (now Malaysia)
Egypt
Nigeria
Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)

IRELAND: many protestant and catholic wanted self-government

Home Rule - Gladstone tried to pass it 3 times at Parliament

AFRICA: explorers and adventurers (e.g. Dr Livingstone and Cecil Rhodes) helped the discovery of new lands and the extension of the British Empire

1877 : Queen Victoria was declared Empress of India

VII

SOUTH AFRICA:

Britain VS Holland (the Boers) TWO "BOER WARS"

Opposition between the British Empire and two indipendent Boer republics

the Orange Free State the Transvaal Republic

Britain won both wars

VIII

1899-1902: Second Boer War commonly referred as the "Boer War"

Victory of the British Empire

The Boer republics turned into British colonies

Union of South Africa

Industrial

Revolution

more people

in the cities

problems linked to education, housing and health care

4 types of reforms

Parliamentary reform
Workers Rights
Education
Social Welfare

Parliamentary reform

-two reforms acts (1832 and 1867)

-1870: Education Act

-1871: Trade Union Act

-1875: Public Health Act

-1875:Artisans’ Dwelling Act

-1884: Third Reform act

XII

mechanisation of agriculture, improvement in manifactures and sanitation BUT health still an issue
private retail boom: public innovation
competition of USA and Germany: need to educate people so Education Act

doubts and disillusion about the Victorian age

impossibility of Free Trade = less economic power

XIII

XIV

Novels had quite the same episodic structure
Research of Thematic unity brought in by Jane Austen
Omniscient Narrator
Literature Vehicle to correct vices and weaknesses
Setting: most of the time as the city

Realistic Scientific knowledge
Humanitarian Democtracy
Critical Spirit of moral unrest

Dealt with economic and social problems

A Master of the genre was William Thackeray

Dealt directly with the turmoil of the 1830s and 1840s

Remarkable for this gerne were Elizabeth Gaskell's novels

The master was Charles Dickens. It combined humor with a sentimental plea for reform in favor of the less fortunate. Can be divided in:

Realistic

Fantastic

Moral

XVI

Popular with Charlotte Brontë and Charles Dickens.

Dealt with a character's development from young age to maturity.

George Eliot complexity of human beings

Thomas Hardy characters described by their native local but "far" from it.

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll

Book of nonsense by Edward Lear

Nosensical Universe, Social rules disintegrate

XVII

Illogical aspects of life

Double nature of Victorian society

Exalted British Empire

White and English man was superior

XVIII

Women read more than men because they had to spend their time at home.

Not easy to publish: some of them used a male pseudonym

(Mary Ann Evans George Eliot)

Because creative writing was considered masculine

Charlotte and Emily Brontë

Elizabeth Gaskell

George Eliot

Most important female writers

XIX

XXI

XXII

XXIII

last decades of the 19th century:
widespread because it reflected the frustration and uncertainty of the artist
famous motto “Art for Art’s sake”
one of the major exponents of this period is Oscar Wilde
bohemien: emphasis on excess, beauty and art against the monotony of bourgeois life

XXIV

Moral and aesthetic imperative
Only “Art as the cult of Beauty” could prevent the murder of the soul
Beauty has nothing to do with morality
Art is pretty useless, it goes against Utilitarianism.

XXV

In England imported by Whistler, then Pater (also thanks to the influence of Keats and Ruskin)

“Studies in the History of the Renaissance” and “Marius the Epicurean”: successful for the demoralising message
for him life was to be lived with art, the artist was seen as the transcriber of the world of his sense

XXVI

influenced by Pater
art has not a didactic aim- influence on Wilde and the Rhymers’ Club
features of these works: excessive attention to the self and hedonistic and sensuous attitude
the dandy: a person who lives on Beauty and makes his life a work of art